Polarity and Intermolecular Forces in Molecules

Polarity

Unequal sharing of electrons in a molecule.

Covalent Molecule

Molecule formed by sharing electrons between atoms.

Polar Molecule

Molecule with a net dipole moment due to unequal charge distribution.

Non-Polar Molecule

Molecule with symmetrical charge distribution, no net dipole.

Dipole

Separation of positive and negative charges in a molecule.

Electronegativity

Tendency of an atom to attract electrons.

Partial Positive Charge

Slight positive charge on an atom in a polar bond.

Partial Negative Charge

Slight negative charge on an atom in a polar bond.

Symmetry

Balanced arrangement of atoms leading to non-polarity.

VSEPR Theory

Predicts molecular shape based on electron pair repulsion.

Intermolecular Forces (IMFs)

Forces between neighboring molecules affecting physical properties.

Intramolecular Forces

Forces holding atoms together within a molecule.

London Dispersion Forces

Weak, temporary forces due to electron movement.

Dipole-Dipole Forces

Attraction between polar molecules' positive and negative ends.

Hydrogen Bonding

Strong dipole-dipole interaction involving H and N, O, or F.

Boiling Point

Temperature at which a liquid turns to gas; influenced by IMFs.

Melting Point

Temperature at which a solid turns to liquid; influenced by IMFs.

Viscosity

Resistance of a liquid to flow; affected by IMFs.

Surface Tension

Energy required to increase surface area of a liquid.

Miscibility

Ability of substances to mix; polar with polar, non-polar with non-polar.

Ionic Compound

Compound formed by ionic bonds between charged ions.

Metallic Bonding

Bonding due to attraction between metal ions and delocalized electrons.

Network Covalent Bonding

Strong bonds forming a continuous network, e.g., diamonds.

Ionic Lattice

Ordered arrangement of ions in a crystal structure.