Introduction to Anatomy Flashcards

Flashcards covering key anatomical terminology, directional terms, movements, body planes, and body cavities from the Introduction to Anatomy lecture.

How is the term "Anatomy" defined and derived?

Derived from "ana" (up) and "tomy" (cutting), anatomy is the science that deals with the study of the structure and shape of the body, as well as body parts and their relationships to one another.

What are the structural levels of organization in the human body from smallest to largest?

Chemical level (atoms and molecules), Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level, and Organism level.

How is Embryology defined in the lecture?

The branch of anatomy covering development from the first 8 weeks after fertilization.

What are the three sub-fields of Gross Anatomy?

Regional anatomy (all structures in one part of the body), Systemic anatomy (gross anatomy studied by system), and Surface anatomy (internal structures as they relate to overlying skin).

What characterizes the standard Anatomical Position?

The body is standing erect, eyes looking straight to the front, face and palms of the hands directed forwards, upper limbs hanging by the sides of the trunk, and lower limbs parallel with feet together and toes pointing forwards.

What do the directional terms Anterior and Posterior mean?

Anterior means towards the front of the body, and Posterior means towards the back of the body.

What do the directional terms Superior and Inferior mean?

Superior means towards the head, and Inferior means towards the feet.

What is the difference between Medial and Lateral?

Medial means towards the midline of the body, while Lateral means away from the midline of the body.

What is the difference between Proximal and Distal?

Proximal means nearer the trunk, while Distal means away from the trunk.

What do the terms Superficial and Profundus (Deep) mean?

Superficial means nearer the surface of the body, whereas Profundus (Deep) means away from the surface of the body.

What is the difference between Ipsilateral and Contralateral?

Ipsilateral refers to being of the same side, whereas Contralateral refers to being of the opposite side.

What regions are included in the Axial and Appendicular divisions of the body?

Axial consists of the head, neck, and trunk. Appendicular consists of appendages or limbs.

What is the difference between the Prone and Supine body positions?

In the prone position, the body is lying face down. In the supine position, the body is lying face up.

How are Flexion and Extension defined?

Flexion is the approximation of flexor surfaces of adjoining parts which reduces the angle of the joint. Extension is the approximation of extensor surfaces which increases the angle of the joint.

How are Abduction and Adduction defined?

Abduction is moving the body part away from the body. Adduction is moving the body part towards the body.

What is Circumduction?

A combined movement consisting of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

How are Pronation and Supination of the forearm defined?

Pronation is the rotation of the forearm so that the palm is turned backwards. Supination is the rotation of the forearm so that the palm is turned forwards.

What is the difference between Inversion and Eversion of the foot?

Inversion is the movement of the sole of the foot where the sole faces inwards or medially. Eversion is the movement where the sole faces outwards or laterally.

What is the difference between Dorsiflexion and Planterflexion of the foot?

Dorsiflexion is the upward flexion of the foot, while Planterflexion is the downward flexion of the foot.

What are the three primary anatomical planes and how do they divide the body?

Sagittal plane divides the body into right and left parts; Frontal (coronal) plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts; Transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

What are the two subdivisions of the Dorsal Body Cavity and what do they contain?

The Cranial cavity (located within the skull, encasing the brain) and the Vertebral cavity (running within the vertebral column, encasing the spinal cord).

Which structure separates the superior thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

The dome-shaped diaphragm.

What are the two subdivisions of the abdominopelvic cavity and what organs do they contain?

The Abdominal cavity (contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs) and the Pelvic cavity (contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum).