AP World Chapter 24

autonomy

the state of existing or acting separately from others

unscrupulous

not honest or fair : doing things that are wrong, dishonest, or illegal

protege

a young person who is taught and helped by someone who has a lot of knowledge and experience

promulgate

to make an idea, belief known to many people

extraterritoriality

exemption from the application or jurisdiction of local law or tribunals

artillery

large-caliber guns used in warfare on land.

milieu

a person's social environment

fulminate

to express violent disagreement

provincial

of or concerning the regions outside of the capital city of a country

Muhammad Ali

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early 19th century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.

Janissaries

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.

Serbia

The Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Janissary control in the early 1800s. Terrorists from here triggered WWI. After World War II it became the central province of Yugoslavia.

Tanzimat

Restructuring reforms by the 19th century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureaucracy more efficient.

Crimean War

Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans.

Slavophiles

Russian intellectuals in the early 19th century who favored resisting western European influences and taking pride in the traditional peasant values and institutions of the Slavic people.

Pan-Slavism

movement among Russian intellectuals in the 2nd half of 19th century to identify culturally and politically with the Slavic peoples of Eastern Europe.

Decembrist Revolt

abortive attempt by army officers to take control of the Russian government upon the death of Tsar Alexander I in 1825

Opium War

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories; the victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.

Bannerman

Hereditary military servants of the Qing Empire, in large part descendants of peoples of various origins who had fought for the founders of the empire.

Treaty of Nanking

Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain.

treaty ports

Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the in these cities, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality.

most-favored nation status

-A clause in a commercial treaty that awards to any signatories all the previously granted to the original signatories

Taiping Rebellion

A Christian-inspired rural rebellion that threatened to topple the Qing Empire.

Canton

One of two port cities in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty; now known as Guangzhou

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab

leader of the Saud family who espoused puritanical and fundamentalist religious views