AP US History - Chapters 10, 11, & 13

antebellum

19th century period pre-civil war, roughly around 1800-1860

Erie Canal (1817-1825)

linked the midwest to the northeast (NYC), was not financed by the national government but made a tremendous amount of money

steam ships

primary means of moving cargo on internal waterways because it was good for transatlantic travel, made passages shorter and much more predictable, and can travel in any direction

telegraph (1840)

enabled instantaneous information, making it possible for information to travel faster than the person carrying it for the first time ever

economic growth

increase in the value of goods & services in an economy over a given period of time

economic expansion

increase in the number of range of the goods and services in an economy

per-capita income

average annual income per person in a given area

cost-of-living

how much it costs to purchase goods and services essential for survival

manufacturing sector

the area of industry that involves making things

wholesalers

intermediaries who sell large quantities of things to another person who will then sell it in a smaller quantity (retailers)

retailers

businesses that sell directly to final consumers

brokers

intermediaries that match buyers and sellers to each other (because a farmer might not know where he can get the most sales)

banks

private firms that get their money from deposits, create a mass capital, then can give out loans

capital

money for investment

stock

a share of ownership in a company

free-banking laws

requirements and processing fee for a state or national bank to be created were made much easier

agricultural sector

that part of a country's economy that is involved in the production of farm products

laissez-faire

free market idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs

patent laws

government acknowledges something as a notable invention and gives exclusive rights to produce this product, promoting innovation, invention, and technology because people will be more motivated

textile industry

first industry to become factory-based, textile mills began emerging

putting-out system (1790s-1810s)

would send the thread outside of the mill to women living and working in their homes to weave into cloth

Boston Manufacturing Company (1813)

produced the Waltham or Lowell System

Waltham or Lowell System

paternalistic approach to manufacturing; women were brought into textile factories before they got married, provided room-and-board, and promised education

universal white manhood suffrage

the extension of voting rights to all white males, even those who did not own property

San Francisco (1849)

America wins a war with Mexico and discovers gold, people begin jumping over to become rich as quickly as possible which creates a market

utopian communities or communitarian experiments

attempt to recreate communities seen in a subsistence-oriented economy where people pull themselves out of towns and cities to remote areas so that they can better control themselves; looking to reestablish predictability, familiarity

Shakers

celibate and communistic Christian sect in the United States organized mostly in the north, commonly believed that the end of the world was coming; typically led by women

Mormons

founded by Joseph Smith in 1830, a religious group that emphasized industry, hard work and practiced polygamy; moved from IL to UT because they were an aggressive group and people didn't like living with them

Brook Farm

rural community established outside of Boston with intellectuals and artists, emphasizing recreation; a fire burns it down and they weren't able to recreate it

transcendentalism

an American philosophical movement similar to European romanticism, stating that human beings are not only logical and reasonable, but other things such as art, literature, music, emotions are equally important

Ralph Waldo Emerson

stated that people in a dramatically changing society can't rely on the moral ideas and ethical precepts of previous generations, emphasized this by thinking and spending time in nature, contemplating, pulling himself out of a technological and mechanized world

individual reality

human beings are intuitive and need to develop a god within themselves, creating their own truths

Henry David Thoreau

wrote an important book about his time spent in the woods and how it affected him; Thoreau would get angry everyday at the same time because he kept hearing the sound of the railroads

leisure time

the time after you leave work and before you go to sleep, now filled up with sources of entertainment that aren't seen in a subsistence-oriented economy

baseball

became the most popular sport so people created set, standardized rules

clubs

how people organized their social life, an opportunity to engage with others based on common interests

voluntary associations

an organization people join because they share the organization's goals and values and voluntarily choose to support them, emerged from political parties, workers' unions, clubs

Horace Mann

influential, ran the Department of Education and introduced reforms (longer school time, implementation of highschool, calling for teachers to have specific training) so that people are able to occupy the new jobs introduced by the market economy (mostly concerned about immigrants and lower-class)

Cult of Domesticity

the ideal (upper-class) woman was seen as a spritual, moral, self sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband

reform societies

groups that were organized to make the world a better place, committing to step in and help the troubled; typically ran by men but the women worked

Five Points

the worst NYC neighborhood in the 19th century with gangs, free black people, and criminals; abundant display of vices like gambling, drinking, prostitution, basically where you go if you have nothing left

push factors for immigration

religious and political persecution, taxes, Irish Potato Famine, wars, economic transformation

Revolutions of 1848

in some of the German states where revolutions were active, there were many proto-socialists who talked about fixing the distribution of wealth, some immigrants were committed to advocating for this idea; significant because immigrants begin bringing radical political and economic ideas with them when they come

pull factors for immigration

religious, cultural, social and political freedoms and inclusion, economic opportunities, possibility to advance

Law of Naturalization Act

you only have to wait five years before becoming a citizen, attracting many people to come

treatment of the Irish

scorned by Americans who felt that they were taking their jobs; many Protestant Americans disliked the Catholic religion of the Irish, commonly asserted that they were lazy, drunk, and stupid

American Party

political party dedicated to stopping Irish immigration and all immigrants in general

nativism

anyone who is foreign-born is looked at suspiciously, skeptically, as an opposition

lower south

called the slave south, where the majority of cotton was grown and had the most slaves

upper south

more subsistence-oriented, high percentage of Yeoman farmers, household economy

cotton gin

a machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers invented by Eli Whitney, made farming more profitable which kicked off a cotton boom in the late 18th century and revitalized the institution of slavery

Yeoman farmers

aren't always subsistence oriented but in the south they tended to be; they are content, self-sufficient, and satisfied with their lifestyles, focused on the household, interacted with family (everyone plays an economic role here)

landless whites

social status is created by the amount of land owned, so they must rent or squat on land and work day-to-day to survive; they were not politically significant and not taken seriously, seen as inferior and called white trash, also tend to animals to keep themselves alive and sell

free blacks

mostly located in the south (notably Baltimore, New Orleans, Charleston), they don't own land (white southerners are reluctant to sell) and they work as laborers alongside slaves; clear sense of a hierarchy based on the darkness of their skin, lots of mixed raced people because the male slaveholder would rape the female slave, because of this those with lighter skin had higher status and were seen as more civilized

black codes

controlling free blacks to reaccredit the argument that slaveholders believed, which was that blacks couldn't survive on their own

slave holders

a minority of them hold the majority of slaves

planter class

phenomenally wealthy but very small number of them, they have the most amount of land and own a crazy amount of slaves; economically and politically dominant; 4 out of the first 5 presidents of the US were apart of this class

paternalism

justification for slavery stating that blacks can't rule themselves and slaveholders are doing them a service

women's role

birthing and taking care of numerous children, producing clothing, food in the household, meant to be entertainers; in Yeoman houses they play a stereotypical role

slave life

they eat very poorly with cornmeal and molasses (bare minimum to survive), they wear rough fabrics and shoes, their cabins were one-roomed and crowded, are whipped since slaveholders want to remind them not to try and run or rebel, older slaves took care of the very young kids until they would work, mentally and sexually abused

African American culture

slaves created their own culture by combining African culture and traditions with new realities of slavery, this was expressed by singing, dancing, storytelling and quilting to tell stories of oppression

Black Christianity

created because slaveholders forced slaves to convert to Christianity, has more emotional, participatory services, has far more engaging music, is more demonstrative, focusing on the figure of Jesus; they adapted Christianity in their own way to make it somewhat meaningful to themselves

Black English

one of the most distinctive dialects, abundant with slang language that still infiltrates in our society today; slang is important to slave laborers because they could communicate without the slaveholders hearing (talking deceptively so that they did not rat each other out)

extended kin network

everyone took care of each others' children because families got separated a lot of the time; even though they wanted them to procreate for more money, many were ripped apart

Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise (1808)

was worked out at the Constitutional Convention because the south did not want the government to place a tax on exports, and the north wanted an end to the importation of slaves; the agreement was that 20 years after the ratification of the Constitution, there can be no further importation of slave labors, so after the time was up the slaves were freed

Turner's Rebellion (1831)

Nat Turner was a notably intelligent slave who was taught to read by his own, in the Bible he sees justification for a rebellion; people were upset by the amount of violence because if Turner's mob came across you, they would kill you (if you were white) and in the end the rebellion was put down and some were executed