Social Studies 8th grade midterm

Radical Republicans

A group of people who tried to outlaw slavery and encourage a free labor market in the states.

Jim Crow Laws

Jim Crow laws made it legal to discriminate against African Americans.

10% Plan

 if 10% of the South took an oath then they would be readmitted into the union

Freedmen’s Bureau

provide shelter and food to the African Americans since they just got out of slavery and had nowhere to live. They also provided education to teach them how to read and write so they could get jobs. 

Sharecropping

They would allow the former slaves to live on their land but they would work for money to pay off their debt. The catch was they never made enough money to pay off the debt which made them have to stay there.

13th, 14th, and 15th amendments.

Abolish slavery, All people born in the US are US citizens, and grant all men the right to vote.These are key provisions of the Reconstruction Amendments, specifically the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the US Constitution.

Mass Production

the manufacturing of large quantities of standardized products, often using assembly lines or automation technology

Laissez-faire

When the government isn’t involved in your company.

Corporations

A corporation is a legal entity that is separate from its owners, allowing it to own assets, incur liabilities, and enter contracts.

Sherman Antitrust- Act

prohibits activities that restrict interstate commerce and competition in the marketplace

Monopoly Assembly Line

 An assembly line is a manufacturing process in which individual parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create a finished product efficiently. This was created by Henry Ford

Manifest Destiny

Manifest Destiny was the idea that white Americans were divinely ordained to settle the entire continent of North Americaand spread democracy and capitalism.

Homestead Act

People could have 160 acres of land if they farmed on the land for 5 years then they could have it for free.

Reservations

 Places Native Americans were forced to live.

Dawes Act

Protect Indian property rights, particularly during the land rushes of the 1890s.These were often designated areas known as reservations.

Transcontinental Railroad

Formed as a way to connect the East and the West.

Populist party

Farmers and labor unions joined to create this political party.

Ellis island

Where immigrants from European countries came to the US.

Assimilation

 Immigrants conforming with Americans.This was often referred to as assimilation, where immigrants adopted American customs and values.

nativism

Protecting one's native culture and not having the need to change yourself.

Chinese exclusion act

Laws restricting immigration targeting Chinese people.

urbanization

Taking a new American identity; the blending of cultures; losing your old identity

Melting pot theory

 Theory that immigrants that come to America get americanized and just mix in with everyone else.

Muckrakers

A group of American writers/journalists Who provided detailed accounts of the political / economic corruption and social hardships caused by the power of big businesses in a rapidly industrializing United States.

Pure Food and drug act

Passed by Teddy Roosevelt after The Jungle was written and it put labels on food.

suffragist

Someone advocating the right to vote

trustbuster

A person who enforced the antitrusts.

spoils system

This was a practice where a political party, after winning an election, gave government jobs to its supporters, friends, and relatives as a reward for working toward victory.

civil service act

 It was a law passed in 1883 that aimed to put an end to the Spoils System. It made sure that government jobs were given based on merit and not on political connections. So, people had to take exams and prove their qualifications to get a government job.

Settlement house

 Community centers in urban areas that provided social services and education to the poor and immigrants.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

 A fire that took place on March 25, 1911. This fire took the lives of 146 people. This fire resulted in better safety laws for factories.

What was the purpose of the Reconstruction Era?

 The integration of newly freedpeople and the reintegration of former Confederates into the United States.

How were African Americans denied their rights in the South?

 African Americans were denied their rights in the South because they weren't allowed to vote, weren't allowed to use the same transportation as white people, we're allowed to even drink from the same water fountain as white people, Etc.

What is Manifest Destiny?

The idea that American citizens had the god given right to expand west to the pacific ocean.

What were the goals of the Populist Party

To help farmers.

How was the culture of the Plains Indians impacted by the Westward Expansion and the Dawes Act?

They lost their land, their food source, their homes, and their lives.

How did the Transcontinental Railroad impact Westward Expansion.

It made trade easier from the Eastern to Western side of America.

Who were four big businessmen at the end of the 19th Century and what industry did each control?

Rockefeller oil, J.P. Morgan bank, Vanderbilt train, Andrew Carneige steel

How did Industrialization change the United States? 

Industrialization made the United States more urban and industrial, creating new jobs and wealth but also poor working conditions

Why were labor unions created during Industrialization? 

Labor unions were created to improve workers' rights, wages, and working conditions

What was the purpose of the Progressive Movement?  

The Progressive Movement aimed to address social, political, and economic issues, like reducing corruption and improving living conditions

What did the political reforms of the Progressive Era do for citizens of the US?  

The political reforms of the Progressive Era gave citizens more power, such as direct elections and women's right to vote

Why were there few restrictions on immigration during the mid- late 1800’s? 

There were few restrictions on immigration in the mid-late 1800s because the U.S. needed a large labor force for industrial growth

How were many immigrants treated during the 2 nd(New) wave of immigration?

They were discriminated against and treated very poorly.