Taxonomy of Flowering Plants Test 1

genus

subfamily

family

order

class

phylum

name the taxonomy classes from largest to smallest (6)

taxonomy

what is the term for how thing in science are classified by genus, subfamily, family, order, class, phylum?

Systematics

what is the term used to show how things are related via evolution (not a tree dumbass)

classification based on the relationships with one another

phylogenetic tree

it is easier to represent systematics in a ______ ______

Fragaria

in the phylogenetic tree, which species is the most closely related to rosa

you can tell which species is closely related by their recent ______ ______

Malus

in the phylogenetic tree, which species is the least related to rosa?

nomencalture

what is the term for naming things binomial _______

binomial nomenclature

naming an organism by genus and species

the authority or the first person to name the species

in  Rosa Carolina L. what does the L stand for

A. Gray was the first person to name the species and then SF Blake put in viguiera which kicked off proski 

• Helianthis porteri (A. Gray) Proski 

•  Viguiera porteri (A. Gray) S.F Blake 

what happened to these nomenclatures? 

yes

can some authorities have two names?

anything with a standard ending that sounds Latin

Davidii

what are the rules for naming a genus or species

change David into an appropriate genus/species name

must be named after a genus that’s in it

must have a standard ending associated with the taxonomic category

what are the rules for naming anything above genus?

oideae

aceae

ales

opsida

phyta

what are the standard endings for the following:

subfamily 

family

order

class

phylum 

branches

what part of phylogenic tree

Linear sequence of ancestors

node

what part of phylogenic tree

• part that one branch splits into 2 or more 

• Most recent common ancestor 

root

what part of phylogenic tree

Ancestor of all members of the phylogeny

clade

what part of phylogenic tree

• Any ancestor and all of its descendants 

transitions

what part of phylogenic tree

• Is also known as character 

• Character = any trait or attribute that can be evaluated (things you can count, measure ect.) 

• Character state = what you get when you evaluate a character, or description of the character

5

how many clades are present?

character

any trait or attribute that can be evaluated (things you can count, measure, ect)

character state

what you get when you evaluate a character or the description of a character 

• Petal …pink…whatever color

• Petal number: 1,2,3,4,5….

• Sepal Number: 1,2,4,5….

• Cam photosynthesis: absent or present 

• DNA sequences 

  • ATGC

• Protein Sequences

  • 20 amino acids

    • Zero of a character can be a _____

spot type

simple, rosettes

rosettes, simple

in this tree only focus on the spots

what is the character

what are the 2 character types?

which character type would be derived? which one would be ancestral?

produce phylogeny

observations

are all the group members of the same clade—yes

does the clade have members of any other taxonomic group—no

monophyletic

what are the 2 steps to the procedure of testing classifications

what are the 2 observation questions to ask about the clades and members and their preferred answers

if the preferred answers apply what type of taxonomic group is it?

yes

does monophyletic groups only apply to the taxonomies, not the clades?

biogeography

where species occur, why they occur, and how they got there

• example: 

  •  Haplopappus

    • Is a species that occurs in chile 

  • Hazadia california 

    • Both this and haplopapus have very similar morphology 

  • How did we get two very similar species in very different places?

    • They are closely related with a common ancestor 

    • How did this common ancestor move so far?

      • Birds migration 

  • Silverswords

    • Occur on hawaiian islands (big island)

    • Something from north america must've went to the hawaiian islands so we have to use DNA sequencing because nothing else looks like silverswords

    • Closest ancestor 

      • Ralliardippsis + madie = tarweeds california

medicine

phylogenies also have uses in _______

• Diseases caused by RNA viruses 

  • Retroviruses = latch to cells and injects rna and then it gets transcribed into dna which makes the cell produce more dna cells of the virus 

  • Rapidly evolving (influenza, ebola, hiv, west nile, yellow fever, covid-19)

• HIV

• Influenza 

• Covid-19

  • Came from Wuhang China and is related to bat covid

  • There was an outbreak in 2003 on the same place and grom bats but it didn't make it out of asia (2003 SARS)

    • Not as easily spread and more deadly than covid-19

character and character states

which character state is ancestor and which is derived

when building a phylogeny, what are the 2 requirements needed?

what do you have to find out about these?

directly from ancestor

with outgroup

how can character states be determined to be derived or ancestral by observing the character and character states?

• Outside and directly related to group of intent (ingroup)

• Represents the ancestor

• Closest living to ancestor 

• As ancestral character states 

outside and directly related to group of intent

represents the ancestor

closest living to ancestor

has ancestral character states

what are the 4 things needed to pick an outgroup

characters in data matrix

phylogenetic analysis

what are the two procedures to produce a phylogeny

assemble into clades based on share and derived character states

when it comes to phylogenetic analysis how does one do the general approach

• Example: bird

  • 5 derived character states: color on head, wing, stripe on tail, grey tail, long beak

  • Shared character states: orange wing tips, color on head, stripe on tail 

  • So clades are birds with orange wing tips, color on head, and stripe on tail

clade support

percentages on phylogenies that show how well each clade are supported by data

biological species concept

what type of species is this?

based on reproduction, if 2 populations reproduce and produce fertile progenyy they are the same species 

morphological species

what type of species is this?

individuals in different species should have distinguishable morphological characteristics = not successfully mating with each other

indicates no gene flow between them

phylogenetic species

what type of species is this?

all species should ne monophyletic in order to be able to mate successfully

no

if two species have different morphological characteristics they indicate ___ gene flow

experimental hybridizations 

reproduction specific characters 

evidence for or against gene flow

phylogenetic analysis

what are the 4 ways that one my test species concepts?

experimental hybridizations

maybe 

probably 

what type of species concept test is this

• test bio species concept

• If they can successfully mate they ______ the same species until is replicated in natural conditions

• If they cannot they are ______different species

reproduction specific characters

what type of species concept test is this

• Isolating mechanisms prevent successful interbreeding

  • Prezygotic 

    • Prevent fertilization (2 steps in plants)

      • Prepollenation 

        • Prevents interspecific pollination 

        • Different flowering times 

        • Different pollinators 

        • Flowering parts and animals parts don't fit (humming bird beak example)

        • Pollinators of some species may not be active when the other is flowering 

        • Flower parts of one species don't fit pollinators of other species 

• Pollen from one species gets on stigmas of another species 

  • Recipient plants can interact with the pollen and the pollen tube chemically to determine if the pollen is compatible for pollination 

  • Stigma and style can prevent pollen tube growth from other species

• Postzygotic 

  • Prevent the zygote from becoming a fertile adult 

  • Different haploid numbers (# of chromosomes in 1 set)

    • We have 23 so if another organism had 20 we couldn't create a viable zygote 

    • Meiosis I fails, no gametes produced—individual sterile

      • Mule example (donkey 31 horse 32)

      • Hinny (made with female donkey instead of female horse) 

  • Different Ploidy (number of chromosome sets–anything >2 polyploid) levels 

    • Hybridization between a diploid and a tetraploid (2n x 4n) = 1n gametes and 2n gametes  = 3n progeny = sterile meiosis I fails–no gametes 

isolating mechanisms

prevent successful interbreeding

two types: prezygotic and postzygotic

prezygotic

prevent fertilization

postzygotic

prevent the zygote from becoming a fertile adult

prepollenation

prevents interspecific pollination

different flowering times

different pollinators

flowering parts and animal parts don’t fit

flower parts of one species doesn’t fit pollinators of another species 

what step of feralization does isolating mechanism prevent for prezygotic? name the 5

ways plants do this

chemically 

stigma and style

• Pollen from one species gets on stigmas of another species 

  • Recipient plants can interact with the pollen and the pollen tube ________to determine if the pollen is compatible for pollination 

  • ______and ______ can prevent pollen tube growth from other species

different haploid numbers

different ploidy

what are th 2 ways postzygotic mechanism take place

different haploid numbers

what type of postzygotic isolating mechanism

• We have 23 so if another organism had 20 we couldn't create a viable zygote 

• Meiosis I fails, no gametes produced—individual sterile

  • Mule example (donkey 31 horse 32)

  • Hinny (made with female donkey instead of female horse) 

Meiosis I

infertile (sterile)

when there is different haploid numbers _________ fails, no gametes produce and the individual is _____

different ploidy 

what type of postzygotic isolating mechanism

• Hybridization between a diploid and a tetraploid (2n x 4n) = 1n gametes and 2n gametes  = 3n progeny = sterile meiosis I fails–no gametes 

allopatric speciation 

• Gene flow is interrupted by a geographic interbreeding barrier and the populations become genetically different ( become 2 separate species)

  • Like mountains, canyons

  • Example: A. Harrisi( South) and A. leucurus (North)

sympatric speciation 

• Genetic barrier divides a species in two 

• Polyploidy is usually the genetic barrier 
  

• Process:

• Failure in meiosis I or II

• Result: 2 diploid cells 

  • 2n spore = diploid (2n) gametaphyte = (2n) diploid gametes 

• 2n sperm x 2n ovum = 4n progeny tetraploid 

• 2n plant = 1n gametes X 4n plants = 2n gametes = 3n progeny–no gametes (sterile)

  • Creates interbreeding barrier 

• Identifying sympatric speciation: 

  • Count the chromosomes in everything 

  • Phylogeny of everything 

  • Determine if there are characteristics of sympatric speciation 

    • Pairs of sister species 

    • They have different ploidy levels

• Identifying potential of sympatric multiple ploidies in the same species 

meiosis I or II

2 diploid cells

2n 2n 4n

2n 1n 4n 2n 3n

process of sympatric specieation

• Failure in_______ or __

• Result:_________

  • 2n spore = diploid (2n) gametaphyte = (2n) diploid gametes 

• ____sperm x ____ ovum = ___ progeny tetraploid 

• ____ plant = ____ gametes X ___ plants = ____ gametes = ___ progeny–no gametes (sterile)

  • Creates interbreeding barrier

reticulate evolution 

involves two different species that produce a progeny contain DNA from both 

introgression

hybrid backcrosses to one or both parents

drift from one species transferred into the other

no

because the backcrossing with one of the original parent species will result in that original hybrid DNA being replaces with the parent species

are introgression species hybrids

why or why not

progeny does not mate with either parent 

hybrid progeny cannot reproduce with parents

what are the two ways that introgression in hybrid species is avoided

no gene flow

no introgression

when it comes to introgression

if progeny don’t mate back with parents = _____ _______ ____

if prezygotic or postzygotic isolating mechanisms work well = __________________ _______

both phylogenies containing species of interest (using different sources of different sequences)

compare the two phylogenies and observe the relationship of species of interest

detailed stidy of nuclear genome 

what are the 3 steps to identifying reticulate evolution 

its DNA came from 2 different ancestors and is reticulate evolution 

no

when looking for reticulate evolution and comparing the phylogenies, what does it mean when the relationships of the species have two different relationships?

do we know if its hybridization?

hybrid speciation

introgression

when looking at the nuclear genome, if there is a substantial amount of both ancestors it means ______

if most comes from one ancestor and little comes for the other ancestor it means ______

false

T/F you can tell a species is a hybrid by the phylogenetic tree alone

arida blepharophylla and X.

what two species may have reticulate evolution in these phylogenies? if it is multiple just put the first letter

remember to see which species group with what