SYSTEMATICS LEC CHAPTER 1

Plants

Organisms that possess photosynthesis, cell walls, spores, or more or less sedentary behavior

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

3 major groups/ domains of organisms

Archaea and Bacteria

Small, unicellular organisms that possess circular DNA. Lacks membrane-bound organelles

Replicate by fission

How does Archaea and Bacteria reproduced or replicate?

Photosynthesis

Biochemical system where light energy synthesizes high-energy compounds from simpler to starting compounds, carbon dioxide and water

Chloroplasts

Specialized photosynthetic organelle

Evolution of chloroplast

Originated by engulfment of ancestral photosynthetic bacterium by ancestral eukaryotic cell, such that photosynthetic bacterium continued to live ultimately multiply inside the eukaryotic cell.

Single stranded

How many strands of circular DNA does chloroplast have?

70S

How many smaller sized ribosome does chloroplast have?

Host

Eukaryotic cell that provided a beneficial environment for the photosynthetic bacteria

Symbiosis

Condition of two species living together in close contact

Endosymbiosis

Process which symbiosis results by engulfment of one cell by another

Green plants/Chlorobionta

United primarily by distinctive characteristics of green plant chloroplast with respect to photosynthetic pigments, thylakoid structure, and storage compounds.

Embryophyta

Includes predominately aquatic “green algae” and group called ______ that is referred to as land plants

Outer cuticle

• Aids in protecting tissues from dessication

Specialized Gametangia

Egg and sperm producing organ that has an outer, protective layer of sterile cells

Embryo

An intercalated diploid phase in the life cycle, the early, immature component of which is termed the ______?

Ozone layer

Oxygen-rich atmosphere permitted establishment of the upper atmosphere called?

Ozone Layer

This shields life from excess UV radiation and allowed organisms to inhabit exposed niches that were previously inaccesible

Nonphotosynthetic, heterotrophic

Compounds of photosynthetic species produced are utilized, directly or indirectly by ___________, ____________ organisms

Land Plants

This make up the primary producers in the food chain

Plant Sciences

This is called as the study of land plants

Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry, Pharmacognosy

These 4 are under plant sciences

Forestry

Concerned with cultivation and harvesting trees used for lumber and pulp

Agriculture and Horticulture

Improving the yield or disease resistance of food crops or cultivated ornamental plants

Pharmacognosy

Deals with crude natural drugs, often of plant origin

Pure Sciences

The goal of this type of science is the advancement of scientific knowledge/ understanding how nature works through research, regardless of its practical implications

Plant Anatomy, Plant Chemistry and physiology, Plant Molecular Biology, Plant ecology

These 5 are under Pure Sciences

Plant Anatomy

Deals with cell and tissue structure and development

Plant Chemistry and Physiology

Deals with biochemical and biophysical processes and products

Plant Ecology

Deals with interactions of plants with their environment; and plant systematics

Plant Molecular biology

Deals with structure and function of genetic material

Botany

This is the Study of organisms traditionally treated as plants, Including virtually eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms

Systematics

Science that encompasses traditional taxonomy, the description, identification, nomenclature and classification of organisms and Has primary goal of reconstructing of phylogeny, or evolutionary history of life.

Plant systematics

Studied by acquiring, analyzing, synthesizing information about plants and plant parts

Evolution

Systematics was founded in the principles of ________, major premise being that there is one phylogeny life

Evolution

It can be viewed as cumulative changes occurring since the origin of the universe some 15 billion years ago

Change

In the broadest sense, evolution can mean?

Biological Evolution

This is defined as “Descent with modification”

Descent

Transfer of genetic material (enclosed within a cell, unit of life) from parent to offspring over time where All life, derived from preexisting life

Lineage or Clade

Descent through time results in formation of _______ or __________

Lineage or clade

Set of organisms interconnected through time and space, and the Transfer of genetic material from parents to offspring

Modification

It is a component of evolution and refers to the change in genetic material that is transferred from parent to offspring, such that the genetic material of the offspring is different from that of the parent and occurs either by mutation or genetic recombination

Systematics

_______ is concerned with identification of unique modifications of evolution

Populations and Species

What are the two general units of evolution?

Species

Distinct lineage that, in sexually reproducing organisms, consists of a group of generally intergrading, interbreeding populations that are essentially reproductively isolated from other such groups

Population

Group of individuals of same species and usually geographically delimited and have a significant amount of gene exchange

Genetic Drift and Natural Selection

What are the two major mechanisms that are brought by evolutionary change

Genetic Drift

Genetic modification is random

Natural Selection

Genetic change is directed and nonrandom, and differential contribution of genetic material from one generation to the next

Fitness

It is the quantitative measure of this differential contribution

Adaptation

Result of natural selection and is the Structure or feature that performs particular function and brings about increased survival or reproduction

Speciation

It is the ultimate result of evolution and formation of new species from preexisting species that follows lineage divergence, splitting of one lineage into two, separate lineages

Taxonomy

Major part of systematics

Description, Identification, Nomenclature, Classification

Four components of taxonomy

Description

Assignment of features or attributes to a taxon

Characters

Features are called?

Character states

Two or more forms of a character are?

Identification

Process of associating an unknown taxon with a known one. Recognizing that the unknown is new to science and warrants formal description and naming

Taxonomic key

The most utilize identification device

Dichotomous key

Most common key, used in virtually all floras

Lead, Couplet

Consists of series of two contrasting statements. Wherein each statement is a ______; pair of leads constitutes as a _______.

Nomenclature

Formal naming of taxa

Scientific names

Formal names are also known as?

Latin

Scientific names are translated into ______ for convention

All taxa may bear only one scientific name

Fundamental principle of nomenclature

Binomials

Species names are also known as ________

Two names

What does Binomial mean?

Binomial Nomenclature

Binomial is also called as?

Carolus Linnaeus

Formalized the use of binomials in the mid-18th century by?

Classification

Arrangement of entities into some type of order

Ranks

Method that have been traditionally agreed upon by taxonomists for classifying organisms that utilizes categories

Phenetic, Phylogenetic

2 major means of arriving at classification of life

Phylogenetic

Based on evolutionary history, or pattern of descent. May or may not correspond to overall similarity

Phenetic

Based on overall similarities

Phylogeny

This is the primary goal of systematics and refers to evolutionary history of group of organisms

Cladogram

Phylogeny is commonly represented in the form of a?

Cladogram

A branching diagram that conceptually represents evolutionary pattern of descent

Lineages or Clades

Lines on cladogram represents?

Lineage divergence

Any branching of cladogram represents?

Common ancestor

Diversification of lineages from one ______ ________

Changes in genetic makeup

What changes in populations that may occur in lineages overtime?

Ancestral character state, Derived character state

Evolution may be recognized as change from preexisting, or ______ to a new, __________

Apomorphy

Derived character state that is an evolutionary novelty

Phylogenetic systematics

Methodology for inferring pattern of evolutionary history of a group of organisms

Cladistics

Other name for Phylogenetic Systematics

Monophyletic group

Consists of a common ancestor plus all (and only all) descendants of that common ancestor

Paraphyletic group

Consists of a common ancestor but not all descendants of that common ancestor

Polyphyletic group

Two or more separate groups, each with separate common ancestor.