Adolescence & Menstruation: Key Concepts

These flashcards cover key concepts related to adolescence, menstruation, self-concept, and societal influences, aiding in understanding and preparation for exams.

What is puberty?

A developmental period when a person undergoes the physical changes of sexual maturity.

What is menarche?

The beginning of menstruation, serving as an important biological milestone.

At what average age does menarche typically occur?

Around 12 years, with a typical range of 9 to 13 years.

What are secondary sex characteristics?

Physical changes related to sex that do not directly involve reproduction, such as breast development and body hair.

What factors influence the timing of menarche?

Body weight, stress, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and nutrition.

What is dysmenorrhea?

Painful menstrual cramps, often accompanied by symptoms like headache and nausea.

What causes dysmenorrhea?

Largely caused by prostaglandins, which lead to uterine contractions and pain.

What is premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

A cluster of physical and emotional symptoms that some women experience before menstruation.

What is premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)?

A severe form of PMS that includes cyclical symptoms causing clinically significant distress.

Why is PMS a controversial topic?

Debates arise between pathologizing natural reproductive cycles versus validating women's distress.

How does cultural messaging affect reactions to menarche?

Cultural attitudes can influence whether reactions are positive or negative, often shaped by social support.

What is the average number of menstruation cycles in a cisgender woman’s lifetime?

Approximately 450 cycles.

What are the core mood symptoms of PMDD?

Mood swings, marked irritability/anger, marked depressed mood/hopelessness, or marked anxiety/tension.

What role does media play in misconceptions about menstruation?

Media often reinforces stigma and negative portrayals, framing menstruation as something to be concealed.

What is a significant factor that can help mitigate the negative impact of menarche?

Communication and support from trusted adults can lead to more positive reactions.

How do confidence and participation in STEM relate for girls and boys?

Although enrollment in advanced STEM has improved, girls often report lower confidence and face biases.

What are some key components of self-concept in adolescence?

Self-esteem, body image, cultural identity, and gender identity.

How does body image affect adolescent girls?

Increased focus on attractiveness and higher media exposure correlate with lower body satisfaction.

What influences can create barriers for girls in pursuing STEM careers?

Peer pressure, gender stereotypes, and lower perceived competence despite similar performance.

What is the relationship between cultural identity and adolescence?

Cultural identity can become more salient in late adolescence, particularly for girls of color.

What does the 'chilly classroom climate' refer to?

An environment where female students feel unwelcome or discouraged from participating, especially in male-dominated fields.

What protective factors can support girls in education and career aspirations?

Supportive school environments, parental encouragement, and mentoring programs.

What does the term 'social constructionist perspective' imply in the context of menstruation?

Cultural beliefs shape how women interpret and react to their menstrual experiences.

What strategies can be employed to improve outcomes related to PMDD?

Lifestyle changes, psychological therapy, and supportive community resources can be beneficial.

What is the impact of supportive friendships in adolescence?

Friendships provide emotional support, help navigate conflicts, and contribute to identity development.

How do transgender identities intersect with puberty?

Transgender adolescents may experience unique challenges regarding identity formation and medical care during puberty.

What role does media play in shaping girls' self-esteem related to body image?

Media often portrays narrow beauty ideals that can diminish body satisfaction and self-esteem.

How can cultural attitudes influence premenstrual experiences?

Cultural beliefs can affect stress perception and emotional responses regarding menstruation.