BIOL 101 Exam 3 LFG

SF levels when awake

Rise

SF levels when asleep

Decrease

Adenosine

Important sleepiness factor

Caffeine

Competitively inhibits by binding to & blocking adenosine receptors

1 line of defense

External innate defenses

Examples of external innate defenses

Skin/exoskeleton, acidic movement, secretions, hair, cilia, mucous

What if external defenses are breached?

Internal innate defenses

Examples of internal innate defenses

Phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, inflammatory response

What if internal innate defenses are breached?

Adaptive defenses

Carry out adaptive defenses

Lymphocytes (T & B cells)

Cell-mediated immune response

Protect against infections in body cells- T cells

Humoral immune response

Defends against infection in body fluids- B cells

T cells

Poke holes in infected cells

B cells

Produce antibodies

Step 1 of cell-mediated response

Infected cell “advertises” infection on its surface, T cell recognizes it & binds to host cell antigen by the self-nonself complex

Step 2 of cell-mediated response

Proteins produced by T cells poke holes in infected body cell

Step 3 of cell-mediated response

Infected cell dies

Step 4 of cell-mediated response

T cell can go destroy other cells

Step 1 of humoral response

Pathogen binds to B cell receptors

Step 2 of humoral response

B cell multiplies & differentiates into effector B cells that produce antibodies

Step 3 of humoral response

Antibodies recognize original pathogens

Step 4 of humoral response

Differentiation into memory cells

What do antibodies do

Bind to invading pathogens & mark them for destruction by phagocytes

Primary immune response

Slow & less strong

Secondary immune response

Faster, more antibodies, already some antibodies present

Fructose

Nourishes sperm so they can create ATP for swimming

Alkaline secretion from the bulbourethral gland

Balances out the acidity of the urethra & vagina

Mucus

Lubrication helps sperm swim

Path of sperm

Testis → epididymis → vas deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra → out

Vasectomy

Cuts off sperm supply at vas deferens

Where are eggs fertilized?

Oviduct

Hypothalamus in preovulation

Secretes releasing hormones that trigger release of LH & FSH

Response to initial release of LF & FSH

Follicle cells make more estrogen

What happens after peak of estrogen?

Burst of LH & increase in FSH

What does the burst of LH & increase in FSH cause?

Release of secondary oocyte

Corpus luteum

Produces estrogen & progesterone

What does the production of estrogen & progesterone cause

Thickening of the uterine wall & limit of LF & FSH

Biodiversity

The variation in life forms in a given ecosystem

How is biodiversity measured?

The number of individual species in one area, genetic diversity, ecological diversity, functional diversity

Morphological species concept

Shared physical trait

Ecological species concept

Unique role in the community

Phylogenetic species concept

Shared common ancestor

Biological species concept

The ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Limits of biological species concept

Extinct & asexual species

Phenology

The timing of periodic life cycle events

Photoperiod

Amount of daylight

Temperature

Acute (chilling requirement), aggregate (heat accumulation)

Chemical changes

Hormones

Visual cues

Learning from parents

Sample plot

Take a few sample plots, find the average, then apply to the whole

Mark & recapture

Capture & mark individuals in a species, later capture more, see how many of the second batch were marked

Mark & recapture equation

N= (Marked individuals at time 1* total captured at time 2)/ marked individuals at time 2

If marked individuals are easier to catch

Estimate too low

G

Growth

Exponential equation

G=rN

Logistic equation

G=(K-N)/K

r

Per capita increase

r equation

r= (net increase)/starting population size

N

Population size

K

Carrying capacity

Density dependent factors

Space, food, disease, predation, stress leading to decreased reproduction, accumulation of waste

Density-independent factors

Natural disasters, weather