umass lowell chapters 12, 13, 16

who are maufactures biggest targets?

young adults

selling at least $1,000 of agricultural products per year, you are classified as

small farm

most farms in the US are?

small family farms

what are the four challenges of farming

1. high cost

2. demand for low food prices

3. competition

4. dependance on natures cooperation

what is agribusiness

blending of agricultural and business entites that affect how food,clothes, home goods are develped, processed, distributed, and purchased

what comodity is used for farm animal food sources?

hay

what percentage of farm income from forgein trade?

30%

what selected food/bevergaes is the most imported?

fish and shellfish

what are the two primary reasons for the U.S. food imports

1. demand for variety of products year round

2. demand for cheap food

what does food production require

internal and external resources

the food production requires the use of inernal and external resources

true or false

true

are their neggative effects due to excessive farming on our land? do we have ways to contract it?

yes and yes

why are antibiotics used in animals

1. treat and prevent illness

2. promote growth by keeping animal healthy

what are risk to giving animals anitbiotics

groth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, posing threat to humans when we consume it

(goverment try to prevent overuse)

what are the five pestcides

1. herbicides: kill weeds

2. antimicrobials: kill microorganisms ( bacteria, viruses)

3. fungicides: kill fungi (mold)

4. biopesticides: derived from natural materials; including sex pheromones

5. organophosphates: affect the nervous system of pests

what are the risks and regulatrion of pestcides

1. can cause harm to animals, enviroment % humas

2. use is heavily regulated in United States

3. risk assessment (by EPA) is the process to determine potential human health risks posed by exposure

what are some alternitives to pestcides and examples

integrated pest management uses methods to control pests that are harmful to the human environment

EXAMPLES: crop rotation, pest-resistant crops, biopesticides, % natural predators

what is biotechnolog

the application of biological techniques to living cells, which alters their genetic makeup

what is plant breeding

a type of biotechnology in which two plants are crossbred to produce offspring with desired traits from both

what is genetically modified

a cell that has had its genetic makeup altered

what is genetic engineering (GE)

the biological technique that isolates and manipulates the genes of organisms to produce a targeted, modified product

what are genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

organisms genetically engineered to contain both orginal and forgein genes

what does organic farming mean

organic farming means it is grown without some synthetic pestcides and fertilizers, bioengeneering, and irradiation.

what percentage does the USDA Organic Seal contain?

must contain at least 95% organic ingredients

whats the take home message about organics

1. they are naturally similar to non- organic

2. organically grown and less levels of pesticides and antibiotics

3. NOT ALL ORGANIC FOOD IS HEALTHY

   ( it can be processed)

what do pathogens cause

foodborne illness

how can pathogens be spread

fecal to oral transmission

what are 2 examples of viruses

1. norovirus

2. hepatitus A

what do bacteria flourish on

living and non living surfaces

how is some bacteria benefical?

some bacterua make vitamin K and biotin in ntestines, used to make yogurt and cheese

viruses need a host to servive

true or false

true

what is a parasite

microscopic organisms that take nourisment from hosts that are founf in food and water and often transmitted by fecal-oral route

what is an extreamly rare but deadly infectious agent

prions

bovine spongform ecephalopathy (BSE)

mad cow disease

( it is a protein that attacks the central nervous system of cattle)

what are some causes to foodborne illness?

1. naturally occurring toxins include poisonous mushrooms and some fish

2. pesticides that are added to foods

who are at higher risk for foodborne illness

1. older adults

2. younge children

3. peole whom have compromised imune systems

when and what was the worst outbreak in U.S. history

Hepatitus A in 2003 with more than 660 deaths infected and 4 deaths

in 2003, what caused the outbreak of hepatitus A

the infection was from green onions from mexico served at chi-chis resteraunt in pennsylvania and west virginia.

what happend to the castleberry’s food company

8 people contracted botullism poisoning by eating canned foods and then later identifies that the castleberrys plant has serious issues like broken cooking alarm, leaking water vavles, and innacurate tempature devises. All viictims were then hospitalized and placed on mechanical ventilation

pathogens that cause foodborne illness are more common in ……

developing countries

what tempature is necessary to kill e.coli bacteria

at least 155*

why is most bacteria appearing in flavored milk

it has more added suagr

how are parasites transmitted from one to another

fecal to oral

what are the 5 human prion diseases

1. creutzfeldt-jakob disease (CJD)

2. variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vCJD)

3. Gerstmann- Straussler-Scheinker syndrom

4. fatal famllal insomnia

5. kuru

what are prion disease or tranmissible spongifrm enceohalopathies (TSEs)

they are small families of rare progressive neurodegenerative disorders that affect both humans and animals. PRIONS ARE AN EXTREAMLY RARE BYT DEADY INFECTIOUS AGEN THAT IS ALWAYS FATAL

what 5 things do bacteria thrive when these conditions exsist?

1. adequate nutrients

2. moisture

3. change in pH

4. correct tempature

5. time

what are the 4 '“Cs”

1. cleaning

2. combating contamination

3. cooking

4. chilling

name the 4 steps of FIGHT BAC

1. clean

2. seperate

3. cook

4. chill

why shouldnt you wash raw meat

it can spread the germs even more throughout the kitchen

what can you do to prevent foodborne ilness?

chill foods at low temp

what 4 techniques do food manufactured use to destroy contaminants

1. pasteurization

2. canning

3. modified atmosphere packaging (MAP)

4. irradiation ( irradiated food must be labeled and have the “radura logo”

which preservation technique is used on dairy productsw

pasteurization

what is pasteurization

pasteurization is when heating liquids, food at high enough tempatured to destory foodborne pathogens

examples: milk, dairy produts, most juices

what does the term “canning” mean

canning is heating food at high temperature to kill bacteria, packing food in airtight container

what is modified atmosphere packaging (MAP)

it is when you lower the oxygen unsides packages of fruits and veggies

what does irradiation kill and niot kill

irradiation kills bacteria but not viruses

is there a difference between “sell by” and “used by”?

no

to be considerd secure, theres enough food for whom to live an active healthy life

all house hold members

high food security

no reported indications of food-access problems or limitiations

marginal food security

one or two reported idications - typically of anxiety over food suffiency or shortage of food in the house. little or no idication of changes in diets or food intake

low food security

reports of reduced quality, varity, or desirbillty of diet. little or no indication of reduced food intake

very low food security

reports of multiple indications of strupted eatinf pattens and reduced food intake

what does it mean to be considerd a “developed country”

a developed country means it is a nation that is advanced in industrial capability, technological sophistication and econmic productivity

examples of developed countried: U.S., Cananda, Australia, Western Europe

what does it mean to be conisterd a “developing country”

a nation that is relatively less advanced in those ares

examples: Brazil, China, India, Saudia Arabia

what does it mean to be considerd a “least developed country”

a nation that is least advanced in all the ares

examples: poorest countries of Africa

what percentage of the worlds population was hungy and undernourished

12%

in underdeveloped countries such as those in central Africa. What percentage of the population is undernourished

more than 50%

if a family of four is considerd impoverished if its annual income is at or below

$25,701

what 4 health problems contrubute to food insecurity among americans

1. chromic illnes

2. disability,

3. substance abuse

4. mental illness

what is stunting

stunting is primarily manifested in early childhood and includes malnutrion during fetal development

what is wasting

its a condition caused by extreamly low energy intake from too little food and sometimes referred to as acut malnutrion

impaired immunity can result in diseases

fever, parastic disease, pneumonia, measles, malaria

Diarrhea

common and can result in chronic dehydration and eventually death

vitamin and mineral deficiences cause

“hidden huhnger” which can cause blindness anemia and other problems