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gel electrophoresis
separating molecules according to size and charge
dna molecules are neg —> dna samples w/ gragments are loaded into wells filled with a gel
current applied to gel, and dna moves toward the positive end of the gel
smaller particles move faster and further through the gel
PCR
creating large samples of DNA to analyze when small samples are initially available
DNA is denatured
primers are added
DNA is replicated
process is repeated until an ample of dna is replicated
bacterial transformation
process by which bacterial cells uptake foreign dna (only at specific times)
DNA can be incorportaed into bacterial chromosome or separately in the cytosol (as a plasmid)
scientists introduce foreign DNA during the time bacterial cells are primed for uptake
DNA sequencing
establishing order of nucleotides in DNA molecules
one technique is: labelling nucleotides with flurorescent dye to read and build copies of DNA
DNA runs through capillary gel, a detector reads the sequence
