Biology Evolution

Define Evolution

A change in a species over time

What is non-living evidence

Fossils (hard parts of the body)

What are fossils?

They do not exist but are similar to present day organisms

What is living-evidence

Homologous Structure

Explain homologous structures

Bone structures are similar but functions differently
e.g.) Humans, Cats, Whale, Bat

Explain vestigial structures and give an example

Structures that serve no purpose or have been altered
ex.) Canine teeth

Explain embryology

Organisms that have similar embryos must be closely related

Explain Biochemistry

Organisms with similar DNA/RNA or proteins are closely related

Explain Immunological Comparison

Getting a disease that another organism got makes you "related"

What is DNA hybridization?

Two different strands of DNA are allowed to bind to determine how much of the strands match.The tighter it binds the closer the relationship

What is parasitology?

study of parasites
If both animals get the same parasites they must be "related"

Define biogeography

the study of similar organisms evolving differently to adapt to their environment

What is an example of Pangeae?

Ostrich, Emu, Rhea, and Cassowaries
They are similar but live in different places around the world (Biogeography)

Mutation

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

Genetic Drift

Genes of the next generation will be of the LUCKY ones

gene flow (migration)

Movement of genes in or out of a population due to interbreeding after migration.

Gene flow (immigration)

New organisms move into a population and gene pool increases

Gene flow (emigration)

Organisms moving out of a population and gene pool decreases

What are the 5 evolutionary mechanisms?

Mutation, Genetic Drift, Migration, Immigration, Emigration

4 COMPONENTS of Natural Selection?

Variation, Competition, Fitness, Adaptation

Define natural selection

The process of which organisms that inherit better traits tend to reproduce more successfully that others. Survival of the fittest

Define variation

The differences that exist between individuals

What is competition?

the struggle between organisms to survive as they attempt to use the same resources. Struggle for Existence

Define fitness

How well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment

Define adaptation

Beneficial traits are produced and overpopulates the traits that aren't as good

What are the 3 TYPES of Natural Selection

directional, stabilizing, disruptive

What is directional selection?

When an extreme version of a trait is favoured (i.e. peppered moths).

What could cause directional selection?

Environment

Define stabilizing selection

Both extremes are eliminated and the middle(intermediate) trait survives

define diversifying selection

Favours both extremes
both traits co-exist

What is artificial selection?

selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring

convergent evolution

the evolution of similar features in different organisms

Define analogous structures

Parts functions the same but are different structures

divergent evolution (adaptive radiation)

a common ancestor evolved into two different species due to adapting to different environments

reproductive isolation

separation of a species or population so that they no longer interbreed and evolve into two separate species

Gradualism

The theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily

punctuated equilibrium

The theory that species evolve during short periods of rapid change

Differences between punctuated equilibrium and gradualism

Gradualism is slow and steady change whilst Punctuated Equilibrium are changes that happens in spurts

Darwin's Theory

Organisms evolve through natural selection
Only the better variations survived and strengthened the variation

Darwin's finches

examples of adaption radiation: all come from the same ancestor but evolved different beaks to fit their environment

Lamarck's theory

-acquired traits can be inherited
-law of use and dis-use
-a desire to change

What is sexual reproduction?

two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents

What is asexual reproduction?

The production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent

Differences between sexual and asexual?

Sexual reproduction takes time and is energy consuming
Asexual reproduction is fast and has lower energy usage

Advantages of asexual reproduction

-Fast
-Low energy usage
-Produces A LOT

Advantages of sexual reproduction

-Genetic variation
-Possibly be able to hide mutations
-Selective breeding

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

-Time consuming
-Energy consuming

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

-no genetic variation (clones)
-1 dies > all dies
-mutations are passed to all