APSUH Unit 3

What was the Seven Years' War also known as?

The French and Indian War

What was a major cause of the Seven Years' War?

Colonial expansion by English settlers into the Ohio Valley, leading to conflicts with the French.

Who led the colonial contingent that attacked a French outpost?

George Washington

What was the outcome of George Washington's first military engagement?

He lost and was forced to surrender.

Which side did most Native Americans ally with during the Seven Years' War?

The French

What was the result of the Seven Years' War for England?

England emerged as the undisputed colonial power in North America.

What territories did England gain control of after the Seven Years' War?

Canada and almost everything east of the Mississippi Valley.

Who was the English Prime Minister supportive of the colonists during the war?

William Pitt

What was the effect of the English victory on Native Americans?

It led to increased tensions and resentment as English expansion disrupted their way of life.

What was Pontiac's Rebellion?

An uprising led by Ottawa war chief Pontiac against English colonial outposts.

What was the Albany Plan of Union?

A proposal by Benjamin Franklin for an intercolonial government and tax system for defense.

Why was the Albany Plan of Union rejected by the colonies?

Colonies did not want to relinquish control over their taxation and governance.

What slogan emerged from colonial discontent regarding taxation?

'No taxation without representation.'

What was the Sugar Act of 1764?

A law that established new duties aimed at deterring molasses smuggling.

What was the main purpose of the Stamp Act of 1765?

To raise revenue by taxing all legal documents and licenses.

How did colonists respond to the Stamp Act?

They protested vigorously, arguing it violated their rights.

What was the significance of James Otis's pamphlet?

It articulated the argument against taxation without representation.

What was the British response to colonial claims of representation?

They argued that colonists were virtually represented in Parliament.

What did the Currency Act entail?

It regulated colonial currency and restricted the colonies' ability to create their own money.

What was the Proclamation of 1763?

A decree that prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

What was the overall impact of the Seven Years' War on British-colonial relations?

It led to increased British control and colonial resentment, setting the stage for future conflicts.

What was the primary reason for opposition to the Stamp Act?

Colonists asserted their right to self-government, as articulated by Patrick Henry in the Virginia Stamp Act Resolves.

What actions did Boston mobs take against the Stamp Act?

They burned customs officers in effigy, tore down a customs house, and nearly destroyed the governor's mansion.

What was the name of the protest group formed in response to the Stamp Act?

Sons of Liberty

What was the outcome of the Stamp Act protests?

The opposition was so effective that no duty collectors were willing to perform their jobs.

When was the Stamp Act repealed?

In 1766

Who replaced Prime Minister Grenville after the repeal of the Stamp Act?

Lord Rockingham

What was the Declaratory Act?

An act asserting the British government's right to tax and legislate in all cases anywhere in the colonies.

What did the Townshend Acts tax?

Goods imported directly from Britain.

What significant change did the Townshend Acts make regarding tax collectors?

Some of the tax collected was set aside for the payment of tax collectors, preventing colonial assemblies from withholding wages.

What were writs of assistance?

Licenses that gave the British the power to search any place suspected of hiding smuggled goods.

What was the Massachusetts Circular Letter?

A letter sent by the Massachusetts Assembly to other assemblies asking them to protest the Townshend Acts in unison.

What was the Boston Massacre?

An incident on March 5, 1770, where soldiers fired on a crowd, killing five after being pelted with snowballs.

What was the significance of John Adams' defense of the soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre?

It helped establish a tradition of giving a fair trial to all accused individuals.

What was the purpose of the First Continental Congress?

To enumerate American grievances, develop a strategy for addressing them, and formulate a colonial position on the relationship with the royal government.

What actions did the First Continental Congress take?

They listed laws they wanted repealed, imposed a boycott on British goods, and formed the Continental Association.

What was the 'shot heard 'round the world'?

The first shot fired between British troops and colonial militia at Lexington, marking the start of armed conflict.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Concord?

The colonial militia inflicted numerous casualties on the British and forced them to retreat.

What was the role of Committees of Correspondence?

To trade ideas and inform one another of the political mood among the colonies.

What was the Boston Tea Party?

A protest against British taxes where colonists dumped tea into Boston Harbor, leading to the Coercive Acts.

What were the Coercive/Intolerable Acts?

British laws that closed Boston Harbor, tightened control over Massachusetts government, and enforced the Quartering Act.

What was the Quebec Act?

An act that granted greater liberties to Catholics and extended the boundaries of Quebec Territory, causing dissatisfaction among colonists.

Who were the Loyalists during the Revolutionary period?

Individuals including government officials, devout Anglicans, and merchants dependent on trade with England who opposed the revolution.

What was the general sentiment of the Quakers in Pennsylvania regarding the revolution?

They were pacifists and wanted to avoid war.

What was the purpose of the Second Continental Congress?

To prepare for war by establishing a Continental Army, printing money, and creating government offices.

Who was chosen to lead the Continental Army and why?

George Washington was chosen because he was well-liked and a Southerner.

What was the Olive Branch Petition?

A last-ditch attempt for reconciliation with Britain, adopted by the Continental Congress on July 5, 1775.

What was King George III's response to the Olive Branch Petition?

He was not interested, considering the colonists to be in open rebellion.

What was the significance of Thomas Paine's pamphlet 'Common Sense'?

It advocated for colonial independence and republicanism, selling over 100,000 copies and swaying public support for the patriot cause.

How did 'Common Sense' reach a wider audience?

It was accessible to colonists who couldn't understand the Enlightenment language of the Founding Fathers.

What was the Declaration of Independence and who wrote it?

Commissioned by Congress in June 1776 and written by Thomas Jefferson, it enumerated grievances against the Crown and articulated individual liberty.

When was the Declaration of Independence signed?

On July 4, 1776.

What was the impact of the Declaration of Independence?

It transformed the Revolutionary War into a war for independence and laid the philosophical foundations for the revolution.

What was the Battle of Yorktown?

A decisive battle on October 17, 1781, where British General Cornwallis surrendered, marking a symbolic end to the American Revolution.

What was the outcome of the Treaty of Paris in 1783?

It granted the United States independence and generous territorial rights.

What were the limitations of the Articles of Confederation?

It lacked the power to raise an army, enforce taxation, regulate trade, and had no executive or judicial branches.

What was the Annapolis Convention?

A meeting convened by Hamilton in 1786 to address the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, though only five delegates attended.

What was the purpose of the Constitutional Convention in 1787?

To revise the Articles of Confederation and create a stronger federal government.

What were the key plans discussed at the Constitutional Convention?

The New Jersey Plan called for equal representation, while the Virginia Plan proposed representation based on population.

What is the Great Compromise?

A compromise that blended the New Jersey and Virginia plans to create a bicameral legislature.

What is the Three-Fifths Compromise?

A method for counting enslaved people for representation in Congress, where each enslaved person counted as three-fifths of a person.

How were the President and Vice President elected according to the new Constitution?

They were elected by the Electoral College, which is composed of political leaders representing the popular vote of each state.

What was the outcome of the signing of the Constitution?

Only three of the 42 remaining delegates refused to sign, with some objecting due to the absence of a bill of rights.

What concerns did Anti-Federalists have about the Constitution?

They portrayed the federal government as an all-powerful beast and were particularly appalled by the absence of a Bill of Rights.

Who authored the Federalist Papers?

James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay.

What was the purpose of the Federalist Papers?

To argue forcefully and persuasively for the ratification of the Constitution.

When did the Constitution go into effect?

In 1789.

What significant addition was made to the Constitution in 1791?

The Bill of Rights.

How did George Washington approach the presidency?

He exercised authority with care and restraint, using the veto only when convinced a bill was unconstitutional.

What was the composition of Washington's cabinet?

It included heads of executive departments, such as Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State and Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury.

What were the differing views of Hamilton and Jefferson regarding government power?

Hamilton favored a strong central government, while Jefferson feared tyranny and favored a weaker federal government.

What was the National Bank debate about?

It involved whether the federal government had the power to create a National Bank, with Hamilton supporting it as implied power and Jefferson opposing it as unnecessary.

What was the Whiskey Rebellion?

A resistance by farmers in western Pennsylvania against an excise tax on whiskey, which Washington quelled by dispatching the militia.

What was the significance of Jay's Treaty?

It prevented war with Great Britain but was criticized for too many concessions to the British.

What did Pinckney's Treaty accomplish?

It addressed the use of the Mississippi River and granted duty-free access to markets, considered a high point of Washington's administration.

What was a key warning in Washington's Farewell Address?

He warned against permanent alliances with foreign nations.

What is 'Republican Motherhood'?

The idea that women had a civil role in teaching virtue to their children, thereby influencing future citizens.

How did women's roles change during the 1790s?

Women were reevaluated as important in courtship, marriage, and motherhood, tasked with raising virtuous male citizens.

What was the XYZ Affair?

An incident where French officials demanded a bribe from American diplomats, leading to a shift in public sentiment against France.

What were the Alien and Sedition Acts?

Laws that allowed the government to expel foreigners and jail newspaper editors for 'scandalous' writing, seen as a violation of the First Amendment.

What was the response to the Alien and Sedition Acts?

Jefferson and Madison drafted the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, arguing that states could judge the constitutionality of federal laws.

What did the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions assert?

They claimed that states had the right to nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional.