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Stated that as Geography was institutionalised it moved from Geography Fabulous (imaginative maps and theories) to Geography Militant (science and exploration) to Geography Triumphant (expansion and exploitation on a global scale) (Nayak & Jeffery, 2012)
Joseph Conrad
Attempted to institutionalise the geographical enquiry and draw it closer to the interest of imperial expansion, it was male and middle-class dominated (Nayak & Jeffery, 2012)
Geographical societies
‘Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland; who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island; who rules the World-Island commands the world’ (Mackinder, 1919)
The Heartland Thesis
Raztel developed the idea of ‘living space’, this was then adopted to justify …(Nayak & Jeffery, 2012)
Nazi expansionism
‘Man is a product of the Earth’s surface’ framing man as a passive agent against the deterministic power of the environment (Nayak & Jeffery, 2012)
Ellen Churchill Semple’s environmental determinism
Striking parallels between those who advocate for the extension of the nations global influence and those supporting classical geopolitical ideas; an emphasis on natural resources and access to oil as key to world power so the nation attempts to control the Heartland; sees force as more effective than cooperation in global geopolitics (Kearns, 2009)
US strategists
It is almost a European invention, it is not a fact of nature and is not merely there but it is based on a history of thought, imagery and vocabulary drawing from a style of thought based on an ontological separation that is recreated in works of culture ever since (Said, 1979)
The Orient
Often invoked as a powerful discourse to emphasize a return to bipolarity and suggest a divided world; it is used as a discourse to mobilise public opinion and justify military spending, create moral boundaries, legitimate foreign policy and signal caution in diplomacy (Medby, 2020)
‘New Cold War’
The aging male lead and old-fashioned kit gives a clear sense of vulnerability and reflects anxiety over the US’ relative decline in the face of China’s high tech military upsurge (Crabtree, 2022)
Top Gun Maverick
The use of language to set up a Soviet-US struggle and the use of the domino effect framed unrest as an ideological struggle to justify increased defence spending to maintain hegemonic credibility (O’Tuathail, 1986)
US and El Salvador
The body as a geopolitical site as marriage between the Buddhist majority and Muslim minority was highly socially regulated and effectively forbidden, this emotional geopolitics of love impacted the lives and emotions of individual (Smith, 2012)
Ladhka, India
Bush created binaries of ‘us’ and ‘them’ in his narrative of the 9/11 attack, there were also images of innocent Afghan people killed in the attacks omitted to hide marginalised people experiencing violence; there were no statistics or stories on lives lost in Afghanistan for a long time after the attacks (Hyndman, 2003)
9/11 attacks
Fear operates within the everyday and often there is much violence experienced by marginalised people in the hidden private sphere such as … (Smith, 2008)
Domestic violence and police brutality
Racism and imperialism were central to the causes, conduct and consequences of the war; he saw that African colonialism was foundational to European rivalry, understood that Black soldiers fought for a democracy they did not experience and the war maintained white supremacy globally (Moore & Joudah, 2022)
The colour-line applied to WW1
W.E.B Du Bois is seen as the originator of the movement, he organised and spoke at the first congress in Paris and spoke for solidarity (Moore & Joudah, 2022)
Pan-Africanism
Advocates for the Pan-African movement to promote traditional African values, Nyerere attempts to form strong national economies and held off declaring independence until greater freedom was achieved in the African region (Sharp, 2013)
Tanzania
Founded in 1830 as an institution to promote the advancement of geographical science, women were only granted full fellowship in 1913 as there had been significant resistance to women being admitted before this (Nayak & Jeffery, 2012)
Royal Geographical Society, London
A place where there are many hydrocarbon reserves, these are seen to be very geopolitically important for the power of countries in the world order and therefore Trump is interest in this area (Kearns, 2009)
Persian Gulf
Trump withdrew formally in 2020 after this being announced in 2017, this echos Mackinder’s denial of legalism and liberalism and is a move to restore US hegemony (Kearns, 2009)
The Paris Agreement
Trump has shown interest in acquiring this territory as part of his ‘Greater United States’ policy, this echoes ideas of environmental determinism and expansion of living space (Kearns, 2009)
Greenland
After the 9/11 attacks there was a movement to tighten national borders and enforce immigration policies, this led to families being distanced from their children (Dixon & Marston, 2011)
Children detained by the Federal Court
An example of environmental determinism as these features and the isolation they formed were seen to produce ‘ignorant’, ‘superstitious’ and morally inferior populations (Nayak & Jeffery, 2012)
Indian mountain ranges
This idea of continues in representations of the country and is part of a Eurocentric vocabulary and a way of thinking about the non-west underpinned by colonial binaries; it represents ‘dreamy, feminine’ ideas of the country to encourage western travellers to consume the passive country; the ‘tourist gaze’ comes from power relations that must be criticised (Jazeel, 2012)
India’s ‘exoticism’