Student RDH Micro+immunology part 1

Microbiology

The study of algae, bacteria, fungi, prions, protists, Protozoa, and viruses.

Bacteria

The simplest creatures that are considered alive. These lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other internal structures and are therefore ranked among the unicellular life forms called prokaryotes.

Binary fission

Most prokaryotes reproduce via what process. A process in which the cell grows in volume until it divides itself in half to yield two identical daughter cells.

Virus

A small microorganism that requires a host (animals, plants, or bacteria) to inject its RNA or DNA into, to reproduce. ————— are not plants, animals, or prokaryotic bacteria, and are placed in their own kingdom.

Fungus

————— can be mold, mushrooms, yeasts, etc. ————— are eukaryotic organisms (contain membrane-bound organelles and clearly defined nuclei). ————— are everywhere in very large numbers — soil, air, human body, etc. they reproduce by forming vast quantities or spores.

Protozoa

A group of mostly motile unicellular eukaryotic organisms.

Dental biofilm (dental plaque)

A dense, non-mineralized community of bacterial colony. ————— ————— is attached to moist surfaces in the oral cavity including teeth, calculus, and restorations. Plaque is also present on any wet surface - fish tanks, artificial joints, dental units, etc. cannot be washed off by saliva or normal water flow.

Slime layer

Microorganisms produce a gel-like matrix called a ————— —————, which protects the microbial colony from antibiotics, antimicrobials, and the body’s immune system. Numerous opening called fluid channels penetrate the ————— ————— and allow movement of nutrients/oxygen, waste products, etc.

Mushroom

The microbial colony in dental biofilm forms as a ——————— shape. With a narrow base attached to the tooth surface.

Calcium and phosphate

What two minerals cause the mineralization of dental biofilm into calculus.

70-90%

——% to ——% of dental calculus is composed of inorganic material (mostly calcium phosphate). Therefore, it is difficult to distinguish calculus from cementum or dentin, which contains 50% and 65% inorganic material. All calculus is covered by plaque as the pores in the calculus serve as a reservoir for bacteria and endotoxins.

Material alba

Soft deposit resembling “cottage cheese” that can be brushed off. Consists of bacteria, food debris, and other organic/inorganic materials.

Pellicle formation

first stage of biofilm formation; thin coating of saliva protein called Pellicle attaches to the tooth surface (including restorations and calculus) within minutes after a professional cleaning. The Pellicle layer protects the enamel from acidic activity. Its double-sided adhesive properly facilitates the attachment of bacteria to the tooth surface. Not visible with disclosing agent but can become stained with time.

Initial attachment of bacteria to Pellicle

This is the second stage of dental biofilm formation. bacteria attach to the outer surface of the pellicle with the help of hair-like structures called fimbriae and form microcolonies on the surface. A bacterial colony is composed of many different kinds of bacteria.

Formation of bacteria microcolonies

This is the third stage of dental biofilm formation. The cluster of bacteria forms a mushroom shape. Bacteria accumulate and the colonies grow primarily through cell division rather than through attachment of new bacteria. A slime layer protects the bacterial community and helps the biofilm grow.

Maturation of the bacterial microcolonies

This is the fourth stage of dental biofilm formation. The composition of bacteria changes to a more toxic mix that can potentially harm the body. The biofilm extends into the subgingival region and forms mature biofilm. Following a few days of undisturbed plaque formation, the gingival margin becomes inflamed.

Gram-positive cocci

Within the first 2 days of plaque accumulation, this type of (round) bacteria are prevalent.

Gram positive rods

After 2-4 days of plaque accumulation, gram positive cocci increase in number and this type of bacteria appears.

Gram negative spirochetes

After 4-7 days of plaque accumulation, gram negative ———————— (what shape?) and vibrios (comma shape) appear.

Inflammation

After 7-14 days of plaque accumulation, gram-negative/anaerobic bacteria duplicate. —————————— begins.

14-21

After —— to —— days of plaque accumulation, gram negative/anaerobic bacteria are prevalent, and gingivitis is visible.

Acantholysis

Your patient has phemphigus vulgaris and has a severe intraepithelial blister formation resulting from the breakdown of the cellular adhesion between epithelial cells. What is the correct term for this type of epithelial cell separation.

Sutton disease

Your current patient has had to cancel his hygiene appointment numerous times because he experiences reoccurring outbreaks of aphthous ulcers. Clinically, you note a lesion larger than 1 cm located near the posterior border of the soft palate and evidence of past lesions with scarring. Which condition is indicative of this patient's signs and symptoms?

Macrophages

While working on a female patient, the dental hygiene clinician notes a painless, red, fleshy nodule that resembles a pyogenic granuloma. Which inflammatory cell would be MOST prevalent in this lesion?

A) Basophils

B) Macrophages

C) Monocytes

D) Neutrophils