Studied by 12 people
Alzheimers Disease
progressive brain disorder that produces loss of memory and confusion
Defensive coping
unconscious strategies that distort or deny the true nature of a situation
dementia
most common mental disorder of the elderly, covering several diseases, each of which includes serious memory loss accompanied by declines in other mental functioning
female climacteric
the period that marks the transition from being able to bear children to being unable to do so
hardiness
a personality characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness
male climacteric
the period of physical and psychological change relating to the male reproductive system that occurs during late middle age
menopause
the cessation of menstruation
nonorganic failure to thrive
a disorder in which infants stop growing due to a lack of stimulation and attention as the result of inadequate parenting
obesity
a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age or sex
Osteoporosis
a condition in which the bones become brittle, fragile, and thin, often brought about by a lack of calcium in the diet
primary appraisal
an individual’s assessment of an event to determine whether its implications are positive, negative, or neutral
psychoneuroimmunology
PNI; study of the relationship among the brain, the immune system, and psychological factors
Psychosomatic disorders
medical problems caused by the interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties
secondary appraisal
a person’s answer to the question, “Can I handle it?”, an assessment of whether the coping abilities and resources on hand are adequate
Sexually transmitted infection
STI; A disease that is spread through sexual contact
Sudden infant death syndrome
SIDS; the unexplained death of a seemingly healthy baby
Type A behavior pattern
behavior is characterized by competitiveness, impatience, and a tendency toward frustration and hostility
Type B Behavior Pattern
Behavior characterized by non-competitiveness, patience, and a lack of aggression
accommodation
changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events
achieving stage
Schaie; the point reached by young adults in which intelligence is applied to specific situations involving that attainment of long-term goals regarding careers, family, and societal contributions
acquisitive stage
according to Schaie, the first stage of cognitive development, encompassing all of childhood and adolescence, in which the main developmental task is to acquire information
assimilation
the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking
centration
the process of concentration on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects
concrete operational stage
the period of cognitive development between ages 7-12, which is characterized by the active, and appropriate, use of logic
conservation
the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects
deferred imitation
an act in which a person who is no longer present is imitated by children who have witnessed a similar act
egocentric thought
thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others
executive stage
Schaie; the period in middle adulthood when people take a broader perspective than they had previously, including concerns about the world
executive stage
the period in middle adulthood when people take a broader perspective than they had previously, including concerns about the world
formal operational stage
the stage at which people develop the ability to think abstractly
goal directed behavior
behavior in which several schemas are combined and coordinated to generate a single act to solve a problem
intuitive thought
thinking that reflects preschooler’s use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world
mental representation
an internal image of a past event or object
object permanence
the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen
operations
organized, formal, logical mental processes
postformal thought
thinking that acknowledges that adult predicaments must sometimes be solved in relativistic terms
preoperational stage
according to Piaget, the stage from approximately age 2-7 in which children’s use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases
reintegrative stage
Schaie; the period of late adulthood during which the focus is on tasks that have personal meaning
responsible stage
Scahie; the stage where the major concerns of middle aged adults relate to their personal situations, including protecting and nourishing their spouses, families, and careers
scaffolding
the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth
schema
an organized pattern of sensorimotor functioning
sensorimotor stage
Piaget’s initial major stage of cognitive development, which can be broken down into 6 substages
symbolic function
the ability to use a mental symbol, a word, or an object to stand for or represent something that is not physically present
transformation
the process in which on stage is changed into another
zone of proximal development
Vygotsky; the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, perform a task independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent
acceleration
the provision of special programs that allow gifted students to move ahead at their own pace, even if this means skipping to higher grade levels
achievement test
a test designed to determine a person’s level of knowledge in a given subject area
aptitude test
test designed to predict a person’s ability in a particular area or line of work
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
measure that evaluates an infant’s development from 2 to 42 months
Cross modal transference
the ability to identify, using another sense, a stimulus that has previously been experienced only through one sense
crystallized intelligence
the store of information, skills, and strategies that people have acquired through education and prior experiences and through their previous use of fluid intelligence
developmental quotient
overall developmental score that related to performance in four domains: motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior, and personal and social skills
emotional intelligence
set of skills that underlies the accurate assessments valuations expression, and regulation of emotions
enrichment
an approach whereby gifted students are kept at grade level but are enrolled in special programs and given individual actives to allow greater depth of study
fluid intelligence
intelligence that reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory
full inclusion
the integration of all students, even those with the most severe disabilities, into regular classes and all other aspects of school and community life
intellectual disability
disability characterized by significant limitation both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills
intelligence
the capacity to understand the world, think with rationality, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges
intelligence quotient
IQ; score that takes into account a student’s mental and chronological age
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
children’s intelligence test permitting unusual flexibility in its administration
least restrictive environment
the setting most similar to that of children without special needs
mainstreaming
an education approach in which exceptional children are integrated as much as possible into the traditional educational system and are provided with a broad range of educational alternatives
mild intellectual disability
intellectual disability in which IQ scores fall in the range of 50 or 55 to 70
moderate intelligence disability
intellectual disability in which IQ scores fall in the range of 30 to 40 to 50 to 55
practical intelligence
Sternberg; intelligence that is learned primarily by observing others and modeling their behavior
profound intellectual disability
intellectual disability in which IQ scores fall below 20 to 25
reliability
quality of tests that measure consistently what they are trying to measure
severe intellectual disability
intellectual disability in which IQ scores range from around 20 to 25 to 35 or 40
specific learning disorders
difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities
Standard Binet Intelligence Scale
5th Edition; test that consists of a series of items that vary according to the age of the person being tested
triarchic theory of intelligence
the belief that intelligence consists of three aspects of information processing: componential, experiential, and contextual
validity
quality of tests that actually measure that they are supposed to measure
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
IV; test for adults that provide operate measure of verbal and performance (nonverbal) skills, as well as total score
Wechsler Intelligente scale for children
IV; test for children that provides separate measures of verbal and performance (nonverbal) skills, as well as total score.
labouvie vief
believed there was more than just logical thinking; post formal thought
Perry
believed in dualism, relativism, and commitment
-There is progress from thinking in absolutes to realizing there are multiple and equally valid perspectives to evaluating strengths and weaknesses
dualism
right and wrong way of thinking
relativism
many perspectives, all equally valid
commitment
Perry; some perspectives have stronger evidence
Schaie
was interested in how we think
metacognition
ability
sensory memory
holds sensory information for short period of time; large capacity; decays rapidly
Working memory
conscious processing of info; prep for LTM; Capacity: 7+/- 15 seconds of info
Long term memory
semi-permanent storage; unlimited capacity; 3 types (procedural, episodic, declarative)
procedural memory
skills/habits; stored in cerebellum (you don’t think about it; muscle memory)
episodic memory
events; stored and formed in amygdala (ex. graduation)
Declarative Memory
facts; stored in hippocampus (EX. George Washington is 1st president)
encoding strategies
repetition, elaboration, organization, distribution, healthy, excercise
Retrieval Errors
flashbulb memories and association mistake
flashbulb memory
highly emotional memory (DOESN’T always mean remembered better)
association mistake
you have neutral structures that are connected and there is a overlap
encoding
how we get things into LTM
chunking
group info into meaningful units (ex. learning a song)
Charles Spearman
believed that there is an underline thing that affects our ability to think (g factor); IQ score alone is sufficient enough to accurately predict performance
g factor
general intelligence
Raymond Cattell
Fluid and crystalized intelligence
stereotype threat
fulfilling social expectation; often don’t realize we are performing differently
stress
the process of appraising a stressor that results in a stress reaction
General Adaptation Syndrome
Hans Selye; our stress response system defends, then fatigues
problem focused coping
reduce stressors by working out a conflict, tackling a different project
Note
Flashcard