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what did article 4 of the fundamental laws state?
insisted on the tsars continuing supremacy within Russia’s governemnt due to divine right
what did article 87 of the fundamental laws state?
allowed the tsar to proclaim laws when the duma was not insession- as ‘emergency laws’
what month and year were the fundamental laws introduced?
April 1906
what was the fundamental laws?
an exercise in clawing back political control after the october manifesto
what was the imperial state council and when was it introduced
introduced in the fundamental laws
designed to be a solid censervative body to advise the tsar and could vet a duma decision- appointed by nobility and church
one positive outcome of the fundamental laws for the russian people and also a limitation of this
garunteed basic freedoms- allowing open critisims of the regime- however there was nothing stopping this being retracted (not made a law)
whas the fundamental laws and example of change or continuity?
continuity as it restricted the power of the duma greatly and continued to press on about the tsars divine right- suggesting russia was still and autocracy.
when was the first duma and when did it end?
april 1906—- july 1906
what did the first duam try to do
pass a resolution calling for the full democratisation of russia
what did the actions of the first duam and the gov highlight
poor relations betwen the gov and duma, and the tsars continued authority
why was the ceremoney appointing the first duam important?
it was at the tsars winter palace- duma had to go to him- highlighting that the duam wouldnt comprimise the tsars authority.
how did the first duma show change ?
it was the first legislative body that challenged the regime h
how did the first duma show continuity?
the tsar dissolved the duma whoch showed his continued autocrcy and repression
whe was the 2nd duma and when did it end?
feb 1907— june 1907
which group dominated the 2nd duma
scoialists
what fraction of seats did the kadets loose in the 2nd duma?
½ there seats
why did the increase in socialists cause more anger between the duam and the gov.?
they were highly critivcal of the governemnts methods to quell peasant disorder and refuised to support stolypins reforms
who dissolved the 2nd duma and what was thier reason behond it?
stolypin as he claimed that the bolsheviks were involved in treasonable activity
what was stolypins coup d’etat
after the 2nd duma he scrapped the 1905 electroal laws and replaced ot to favour the nobilty
how did stolypins new electoral laws favour the nobility?
the nobility elected over ½ of the duma and peassantry elected 1/5 despite making up 80% of the popualtion in russia
who dominated the 3rd duma?
the octobrists
which duma served its full term?
3rd
why was the 3rd duma not dissolved ?
it was more favourable to the government as octobirsts were less radical
what to groups were major factors in the 4th duma and why was this an issue?
octobirsts and socialsits
they had very differetn ideologies and ocrobirists much kess radical - making decision making difficult
when was the 4th duma suspended and why?
in 1915 as russia committed to fighting against austria and germany
what did the 4th duma accuse the tsar of and 2 things they said that angered him?
-accused him of nepotism
-said that post 1905 russia was not an autocracy
-critisised rasputins influence
what was the relationship between the 4th duma and the governemnt pre wwI
very poor
what were minister calling for pre wwI in regards to the 4th duma
calling for it to be stripped of its powers and become a purely consultative body
how did the 3rd and 4th duams show change ?
political parties in 1914 were able to criticise the regime, within limits,
how did the 3rd and 4th dumas show continuity?
the star was still very much hostile towards the duma and it continued to lack considerable power
why was there a notable shift in power by 1914?
political parties had more freedom to openly criticise the regime
a relatively free press emerged
a constitution was formed in the format of the fundamental laws
what did socialists condem stolypin as?
the last bloody defender of the tsarist order
what were stolypins neckties and stolypins carriages?
stolypins carriages were the trains transporting ‘criminals’ to siberia to work
stolypins neckties were the hangmans nooses used as ‘criminal punishemnt’
what did pro stolypin people state stolypins reforms could have done and how did they back up his actions ?
that his reforms could have saved the country from civil war and revolution is they had more time and it wasnt cut short by the start of ww1
they backed up his actions by stating Stolypin had taken up office in a time of political turmoil and used a good balance of repression and reform.
what did stolypin supporters belive russia could have become if the reforms had more time to work?
a liberal capitalist society
what happened after stoypins death in 1911?
discontent grew
how did stolyipn die and why is this importnat
he was assassinated- showing how he was disliked by some of society.
what area of society did stolypin fail to stabilise and what came out of this faliure ?
industiral areas creating unrest in 1912-1914 and the moscow general strike in june 1914
did stolypins repression and reforms highlight continuity or change?
they both showed continuity
how did stoylpins reforms show continuity?
they were driven by a desire to create a more loyal peasantry to the tsar rather than for the benefit of the peasants- peasants would e less inclined to support opposition who may have created a communist state and taken their land away.
how did stolypins repression show continuity
he continued to use brute actions of repression such as convicting thousands of people of political crimes and giving them no right to speak in a court hearing- an unfair justice system.
who ahd shares in the lean goldfeilds company?
gov. minister and the tsars mother
what triggered the lena goldfeilds massacre?
industrial dispute over working conditions and being fed old horse meat
what did the lena goldfeild strike highlight?
continued social unrest w
hat did the workers in the lena goldfiled strike demmand?
30% wage increase
8 hour day
improved medical care
how did the government react to the stikes in the lena goldfields
sent in troops to arrest strike leaders
hoe did striking miners react to the arrest of the strike leaders?
responded by a march in April 1912 calling for the release of the leaders who were imprisoned
how many soldiers opened fire on the march for the lena goldfeild workers
90 armed troops
what did the lena goldfeild massacre highlight x2
continued use of military repression
continuity as it a was similar situation to bloody sunday and the moscow uprising
what is the conservative estimate of casualties from the lena goldfield massacre?
200 wounded and 160 killed
How many workers left the lena goldfeild mine after the massacre and how did stolypin respond?
10,000 left so stolypin imported workers from china and korea
was rhere muhc industrial unrest and stikes immedicately beofre the lena goldfield massacre?
no the massacre brought an era of relative industrial calm to an end
what did the lena goldfields massacre trigger acsross russia
a wave of protest strikes that only subsided when ww1 broke out in 1914
what did the upsurge of industrial stikes between 1912-1914 cause for revolutionary leaders
encouraged revolutionary leaders to organise further unrest
what did russian military planners believe ww1 would be so what did they fail to do?
a relatively easy and short battle so they failed to stockpile vast quantities of munitions
when was the munitions crisis
1915 wha
what did the munitions cirsis highlight early on?
the governemnt inability to organise russias war effeort
what did the government do to combat the munitions crisis
created the special committee of state defence
whaen did the unitions supply improve ?
by 1916
what caused nicholas to assume overall command of the battle front ?
miliatry faliures like the great retreat
why was it bad that nicholas to assumed overall command of the battle front
meant he was balmed for military defeates despite him largely playing a ceremonial role
and it left the tsarina in charge in the capital
why did the public dislike alexandra? x3
she was a german princess by birth, aloof and an ultra-conservative who had advised nicholas to go against making concessions to liberal and moderates
why did the public dislike rapsutin
he was a largely unsavoury character whos close association with the royals was bewildering to the public
who exaggerated rasputins infulence and why
oppsoition leaders used it as propoganda to overturn the regime - he may not have had as much infulence as people were made to believe
what was minesterial leapfrogging and who was accused of it
jobs in the government chaninging hads frequently - tsarina accused of this
why 3 gov jobs had 3 different people in them whilst the tsar was at the battle front
chief ministers, interial minister and foreign minister
what did people suspect the tsarina and rasputin were doing
plotting to bring about a german victory
who did the tsar loose the confidencee of due to the tsarina and rasputins infulence
conservative russians
what were set up due to miltary defeates and the govs clear falure to orgaise the war effort?
non- govenemnt organisations
what was the zemstvo union and what did they do ?
formed by zemstva across russia to undertake war relief by providing medical care, operating feild canteen and digging war graves
what was the union of towns
formed by municipal corporations across russia and undertook similar work to the zemstov union
what was the zemgor and what did it do?
joint group of the union of towns and the zemstvo union which focused on the manufacture of essential war goods like munitions and pharmaceuticals
what was the impact of these non govemrnment organisations for the tsarist regime?
undermind the regime and the tsar casing further loss of confidencew
hat was a limtation of the zemgor but why was this only a small probelm?
contribution of the zemgor to the war effort was only less than 5% = but it displayed initiative which was a major contrast to the lacklustre approach of the gov.
who was the head of the zemstvo union
prince Lvov - set an example of dedication which the gov ministers did not have
what was the progressive bloc?
a group of 300 duma memebers who wanted to press for the intro of measures felt to be essential int he was was to be won
after what event was the progressive blo formed?
after the great retreat of 1915
what did the progressive blo demand?
the creation of a unified government in which both the duma and the tsar had confidence
what is important about the progressive blocs demmand?
it was of a limited nature as they were calling for a partnership rather than for the tsar to fully surrender all power
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