why did Nichola's reign come to an end by february 1917 (copy)

what did article 4 of the fundamental laws state?

insisted on the tsars continuing supremacy within Russia’s governemnt due to divine right

what did article 87 of the fundamental laws state?

allowed the tsar to proclaim laws when the duma was not insession- as ‘emergency laws’

what month and year were the fundamental laws introduced?

April 1906

what was the fundamental laws?

an exercise in clawing back political control after the october manifesto

what was the imperial state council and when was it introduced

introduced in the fundamental laws

designed to be a solid censervative body to advise the tsar and could vet a duma decision- appointed by nobility and church

one positive outcome of the fundamental laws for the russian people and also a limitation of this

garunteed basic freedoms- allowing open critisims of the regime- however there was nothing stopping this being retracted (not made a law)

whas the fundamental laws and example of change or continuity?

continuity as it restricted the power of the duma greatly and continued to press on about the tsars divine right- suggesting russia was still and autocracy.

when was the first duma and when did it end?

april 1906—- july 1906

what did the first duam try to do

pass a resolution calling for the full democratisation of russia

what did the actions of the first duam and the gov highlight

poor relations betwen the gov and duma, and the tsars continued authority

why was the ceremoney appointing the first duam important?

it was at the tsars winter palace- duma had to go to him- highlighting that the duam wouldnt comprimise the tsars authority.

how did the first duma show change ?

it was the first legislative body that challenged the regime h

how did the first duma show continuity?

the tsar dissolved the duma whoch showed his continued autocrcy and repression

whe was the 2nd duma and when did it end?

feb 1907— june 1907

which group dominated the 2nd duma

scoialists

what fraction of seats did the kadets loose in the 2nd duma?

½ there seats

why did the increase in socialists cause more anger between the duam and the gov.?

they were highly critivcal of the governemnts methods to quell peasant disorder and refuised to support stolypins reforms

who dissolved the 2nd duma and what was thier reason behond it?

stolypin as he claimed that the bolsheviks were involved in treasonable activity

what was stolypins coup d’etat

after the 2nd duma he scrapped the 1905 electroal laws and replaced ot to favour the nobilty

how did stolypins new electoral laws favour the nobility?

the nobility elected over ½ of the duma and peassantry elected 1/5 despite making up 80% of the popualtion in russia

who dominated the 3rd duma?

the octobrists

which duma served its full term?

3rd

why was the 3rd duma not dissolved ?

it was more favourable to the government as octobirsts were less radical

what to groups were major factors in the 4th duma and why was this an issue?

octobirsts and socialsits

they had very differetn ideologies and ocrobirists much kess radical - making decision making difficult

when was the 4th duma suspended and why?

in 1915 as russia committed to fighting against austria and germany

what did the 4th duma accuse the tsar of and 2 things they said that angered him?

-accused him of nepotism

-said that post 1905 russia was not an autocracy

-critisised rasputins influence

what was the relationship between the 4th duma and the governemnt pre wwI

very poor

what were minister calling for pre wwI in regards to the 4th duma

calling for it to be stripped of its powers and become a purely consultative body

how did the 3rd and 4th duams show change ?

political parties in 1914 were able to criticise the regime, within limits,

how did the 3rd and 4th dumas show continuity?

the star was still very much hostile towards the duma and it continued to lack considerable power

why was there a notable shift in power by 1914?

1. political parties had more freedom to openly criticise the regime

2. a relatively free press emerged

   1. a constitution was formed in the format of the fundamental laws

what did socialists condem stolypin as?

the last bloody defender of the tsarist order

what were stolypins neckties and stolypins carriages?

stolypins carriages were the trains transporting ‘criminals’ to siberia to work

stolypins neckties were the hangmans nooses used as ‘criminal punishemnt’

what did pro stolypin people state stolypins reforms could have done and how did they back up his actions ?

that his reforms could have saved the country from civil war and revolution is they had more time and it wasnt cut short by the start of ww1

they backed up his actions by stating Stolypin had taken up office in a time of political turmoil and used a good balance of repression and reform.

what did stolypin supporters belive russia could have become if the reforms had more time to work?

a liberal capitalist society

what happened after stoypins death in 1911?

discontent grew

how did stolyipn die and why is this importnat

he was assassinated- showing how he was disliked by some of society.

what area of society did stolypin fail to stabilise and what came out of this faliure ?

industiral areas creating unrest in 1912-1914 and the moscow general strike in june 1914

did stolypins repression and reforms highlight continuity or change?

they both showed continuity

how did stoylpins reforms show continuity?

they were driven by a desire to create a more loyal peasantry to the tsar rather than for the benefit of the peasants- peasants would e less inclined to support opposition who may have created a communist state and taken their land away.

how did stolypins repression show continuity

he continued to use brute actions of repression such as convicting thousands of people of political crimes and giving them no right to speak in a court hearing- an unfair justice system.

who ahd shares in the lean goldfeilds company?

gov. minister and the tsars mother

what triggered the lena goldfeilds massacre?

industrial dispute over working conditions and being fed old horse meat

what did the lena goldfeild strike highlight?

continued social unrest w

hat did the workers in the lena goldfiled strike demmand?

30% wage increase

8 hour day

improved medical care

how did the government react to the stikes in the lena goldfields

sent in troops to arrest strike leaders

hoe did striking miners react to the arrest of the strike leaders?

responded by a march in April 1912 calling for the release of the leaders who were imprisoned

how many soldiers opened fire on the march for the lena goldfeild workers

90 armed troops

what did the lena goldfeild massacre highlight x2

continued use of military repression

continuity as it a was similar situation to bloody sunday and the moscow uprising

what is the conservative estimate of casualties from the lena goldfield massacre?

200 wounded and 160 killed

How many workers left the lena goldfeild mine after the massacre and how did stolypin respond?

10,000 left so stolypin imported workers from china and korea

was rhere muhc industrial unrest and stikes immedicately beofre the lena goldfield massacre?

no the massacre brought an era of relative industrial calm to an end

what did the lena goldfields massacre trigger acsross russia

a wave of protest strikes that only subsided when ww1 broke out in 1914

what did the upsurge of industrial stikes between 1912-1914 cause for revolutionary leaders

encouraged revolutionary leaders to organise further unrest

what did russian military planners believe ww1 would be so what did they fail to do?

a relatively easy and short battle so they failed to stockpile vast quantities of munitions

when was the munitions crisis

1915 wha

what did the munitions cirsis highlight early on?

the governemnt inability to organise russias war effeort

what did the government do to combat the munitions crisis

created the special committee of state defence

whaen did the unitions supply improve ?

by 1916

what caused nicholas to assume overall command of the battle front ?

miliatry faliures like the great retreat

why was it bad that nicholas to assumed overall command of the battle front

meant he was balmed for military defeates despite him largely playing a ceremonial role

and it left the tsarina in charge in the capital

why did the public dislike alexandra? x3

she was a german princess by birth, aloof and an ultra-conservative who had advised nicholas to go against making concessions to liberal and moderates

why did the public dislike rapsutin

he was a largely unsavoury character whos close association with the royals was bewildering to the public

who exaggerated rasputins infulence and why

oppsoition leaders used it as propoganda to overturn the regime - he may not have had as much infulence as people were made to believe

what was minesterial leapfrogging and who was accused of it

jobs in the government chaninging hads frequently - tsarina accused of this

why 3 gov jobs had 3 different people in them whilst the tsar was at the battle front

chief ministers, interial minister and foreign minister

what did people suspect the tsarina and rasputin were doing

plotting to bring about a german victory

who did the tsar loose the confidencee of due to the tsarina and rasputins infulence

conservative russians

what were set up due to miltary defeates and the govs clear falure to orgaise the war effort?

non- govenemnt organisations

what was the zemstvo union and what did they do ?

formed by zemstva across russia to undertake war relief by providing medical care, operating feild canteen and digging war graves

what was the union of towns

formed by municipal corporations across russia and undertook similar work to the zemstov union

what was the zemgor and what did it do?

joint group of the union of towns and the zemstvo union which focused on the manufacture of essential war goods like munitions and pharmaceuticals

what was the impact of these non govemrnment organisations for the tsarist regime?

undermind the regime and the tsar casing further loss of confidencew

hat was a limtation of the zemgor but why was this only a small probelm?

contribution of the zemgor to the war effort was only less than 5% = but it displayed initiative which was a major contrast to the lacklustre approach of the gov.

who was the head of the zemstvo union

prince Lvov - set an example of dedication which the gov ministers did not have

what was the progressive bloc?

a group of 300 duma memebers who wanted to press for the intro of measures felt to be essential int he was was to be won

after what event was the progressive blo formed?

after the great retreat of 1915

what did the progressive blo demand?

the creation of a unified government in which both the duma and the tsar had confidence

what is important about the progressive blocs demmand?

it was of a limited nature as they were calling for a partnership rather than for the tsar to fully surrender all power