APUSH AMSCO Unit 7.11

explain the similarities and differences in attitudes about the nation’s proper role in the world

Washington Conference (1921)

five-power treaty (US, Britain, Japan, France, Italy) set warship rations; four-power treaty (US, Britain, France, Japan) agreed to respect Pacific territories; nine-power treaty (US, Belgium, China, France, Britain, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Portugal) agreed to respect the open-door policy in China

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

renounced aggressive use of force to achieve national ends; permitted defensive wars and didn’t create a plan for violators of the agreement

war debts/reparations

European nations were slow to recover from the war and had difficulty paying back US debt; the treaty required Germany to pay $30 billion in reparations to the Allies

Dawes Plan (1924)

US banks lent Germany money to rebuild the economy and to pay reparations to Britain and France who in turn payed back the US; stopped during the Great Depression

Japanese aggression/Manchuria

Japanese troops marched into Manchuria and established a puppet government; the US responded with the Stimson Doctrine

Stimson Doctrine

the Secretary of State said that the US would honor treaty obligations and refuse to recognize the legitimacy of any region that had been established by force

Good Neighbor Policy

never again to intervene in the internal affairs of a Latin American country/pledged to submit disputes to arbitration + nullified the Platt Amendment + didn’t intervene when Mexico seized all properties

Axis Powers

Italy, Germany, and Japan

fascism

the idea that people should glorify their nation and their race through aggressive shows of force

Benito Mussolini

leader of Italy who attracted dissatisfied war veterans, nationalists, and those who feared communism

Adolf Hitler

used bullying tactics against Jews and fascism to grow his popularity with unemployed German workers in reaction to bad economic conditions

Nye Committee

Gerald Nye led an investigating committee that concluded that the main reason for US participation in WW1 was to serve the greed of bankers and arms manufacturers

Neutrality Acts

1935: authorized the president to prohibit all arms shipments and to prohibit US citizens from traveling on belligerent ships; 1936: forbade the extension of loans/credits to fighting nations; 1937: forbade the shipment of arms to the opposing sides in the civil war in Spain

Spanish Civil War

fascism against republicanism; Americans could not send aid

Francisco Franco

established a military dictatorship in Spain

America First Committee

engaged speakers to travel the country in warning of reengaging in Europe’s troubles to mobilize American public opinion against the war

Ethiopia

Italian troops invaded; other countries objected but took no action

Rhineland

German troops marched in, defying the treaty

Sudetenland

Hitler insisted that Germany had a right to take over part of Czechoslovakia because most people spoke German

Munich Conference

British and French leaders agreed to allow Hitler to take the Sudetenland unopposed

appeasement

giving in to Germany to avoid war

Poland

Germany led a full-scale invasion of Poland —> Britain and France declared war —> fell to blitzkrieg

blitzkrieg

lightning war; overwhelming use of air power and fast-moving tanks

isolationism

American response to WW1

quarantine speech

FDR proposed that the democracies act together as a quarantine to the aggressor

“cash and carry”

a belligerent could buy US arms if it used its own ships and paid in cash; technically neutral but favored Britain in practice

Selective Service Act (1940)

provided for the registration of all American men between 21 and 35 and the training of 1.2 million troops

destroyers-for-bases deal

Britain received 50 older US destroyers and gave the US rights to build military bases on the British islands in the Caribbean; selling destroyers outright would outrage isolationists

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

ended the cash and carry act; allowed Britain to obtain all needed US arms on credit

Atlantic Charter

affirmed that the general principles for a sound peace after war would include self-determination for all people, no territorial expansion, and free trade

Pearl Harbor

the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, killed 2400 Americans and wounded 1200 others, and destroyed 20 warships and 40 planes