Alkali Metals

Topic 2 Iochem

Ionic Bond

Electron Transfer

Covalent Bond

Electrons Sharing

Cation

Positive Ion

Anion

Negative Ion

Dative

Covalent that gives 1 element only

Homonuclear Specie

Bond of the same atom

Chemical Bonding

Attraction between atom

Lewis Structure (2d model)

a diagram that illustrates how valence electrons are shared between atoms in a molecule or ion, representing covalent bonds as lines and lone pairs of electrons as dots.

Lone Pairs

a pair of valence electrons that are not shared with another atom in a covalent bond

Octet Rule

The structure must have stable 8 electrons

Electronegativity

The property of tendency to attract electrons

Valence Bonding Theory

Formation of covalent bond overlapping

Molecular orbital Theory

Chemical Binding, complex in molecules

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (3D Model, VSPER)

a chemistry theory that predicts the 3D geometry of molecules by assuming that electron pairs in the outermost shell of a central atom arrange themselves to maximize the distance between them, thus minimizing electrostatic repulsion.

Ligands

Connects to the central atom

Bond Order

bond # - antibonding # / 2

Alkali Metal

Members of group 1 of the periodic table (first vertical column) with exception of hydrogen are called alkali metals.

Group 1 Alkali Metals

Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, Francium

Ionization Energy

Energy that is required to remove the outer electron of an atom or molecule

Reduction - Oxidation Reaction (REDOX)

Atoms change their oxidation number

Oxidation

Loss of electron

Reduction

Gain of electron

Oxidant

an atom or molecule that oxidizes another compound but oxides its self

Reductants

an atom or molecule that reduces another compound but reduces its self

Diagonal Relationship

Elements that are diagonally adjacent has similar properties

Hypokalemia

Low level of Potassium

Hyperkalemia

High level of potassium

Properties of Group 1 Alkali Metals

silvery white except cesium which is golden yellow; reactive and oxidizes in the air/water

Halides

S-block; Alkali metals + Halogens

Solvay process

Sodium Carbonate’s process; also known as the ammonia-soda process, is a major industrial method for producing sodium carbonate (soda ash) from salt brine and limestone.

Osmosis

Defined as the physical process of diffusion of a solvent (water) through a semi-permeable membrane towards an area of high solute (salt) concentration.

Hypertonic Solution

that means the solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the surrounding area. This area will lose water through osmosis;

Hypotonic Solution

that means the solution has a lower concentration of solutes than the surrounding area. This area will gain water through osmosis

Isotonic Solution

that means the solution has the same concentration of solutes as the surrounding area. No movement of water will occur;

?% of the K+ can be found inside the cells, with the remaining ?% mainly circulating in the blood plasma.

95% , 5%