Levinson Last Quiz

Adriatic Sea Territories

Were initially supposed to become part of Italy after WW1 but instead become part of Yugoslavia.

Russian Revolution

Inspired uprisings in Italy, like strikes and peasants taking control of land

Benito Mussolini

A former socialist whose beliefs eventually became nationalistic and founded the Fascist Party in 1919.

Problems Amid Italian Uprisings

Veteran unemployment, increasing taxes and split of government into 2 opposing factions.

Black Shirts

“Combat Squads” that aimed to squash socialist rallies and remove elected leftist officials.

March On Rome

The fascists made a bid for power in 1922 at a rally in Naples to demand that the government make changes.

King Victor Emmanuel III

The King of Italy that appointed Mussolini as the new prime minister only because he feared civil war, undermining constitutional democracy.

Mediterranean Sea

The body of water that fascists wanted to convert into the “Roman Lake”

Il Duce

A title meaning “The Leader” that Mussolini had taken to assume more power. He now suppressed rival parties muzzles the press, rigged elections and also replaced elected officials with fascists.

Fasces

A bundle of sticks around an axe used to symbolize authority in Ancient Rome.

Mussolini’s Economic Policy

The economy came under government control, but he still preserved capitalism. Although this benefited representatives of business, labor and government, the workers were forbidden to strike and consequentially suffered with low wages.

Mussolini’s Social Policies

The individual was considered unimportant except for being part of the state. Pro-Mussolini propaganda was shoved down the throats of every citizen.

Mussolini’s Expectations of Men

Should be ruthless when fighting for Italy.

Mussolini’s Expectations of Women

Should “win the battle of motherhood” by having as many children as possible (in order to produce the highest amount of soldiers).

Fascism

A system of government created by Mussolini, characterized by extreme nationalism, although its forms often vary from place to place.

Enemies of Fascists

Communists, socialists who tended to want global change as opposed to nationalistic goals

Totalitarianism

A form of government where the state holds absolute control over the nation (A more extreme form of authoritarianism).

Margherita G. Sarfatti

A woman who documented the almost God-like treatment Italian citizens were giving Mussolini as a result of propaganda

Totalitarian Government Political Similarities

A single party dictatorship, state control of the economy, police and spies to enforce the will of the single party

Totalitarian Government Social Similarities

Use of schools and media to indoctrinate children and citizens, strict censorship and government monopoly on media, unquestioning obedience to a single leader.

West’s Initial Reaction to Mussolini’s Gov.

Approved of the discipline and order of his government. “He got the trains running on time.“

Wests Later Reaction to Mussolini Gov.

Disapproved of foreign conquest and protested against his actions

The Weimar Republic

Formed by German leaders in 1919 after the abdication of the Kaiser who drafted a constitution that created a democracy, led by the chancellor.

Invasion of the Beer Hall

When Hitler and some of his supporters interrupted a political meeting. Hitler himself shot a pistol and said “The National Socialist revolution begins” but was imprisoned shortly after.

Governmental Struggles Faced by the Weimar Republic

Small parties made the government weak, the chancellor founded coalitions that easily fell apart, was criticized by both the left and right for its centrist approach, it was blamed for the treaty of Versailles and also created growing resentment towards Jews.

Economic Struggles Faced by the Weimar Republic

The French occupied coal mines after Germany’s inability to pay back debt, the government tried to address this problem by printing large sums of cash that caused rapid inflation. Middle- and lower-class families were unable to provide for themselves.

Revival of the Weimar Republic’s Economy

With help from the United States, Dawes Plan, a plan that was to reduce the reparations that had to be paid by the Germans to the French and British had worked out. The Americans also gave loans to the Germans and the French removed their forces from the coal mines, reinstating a period of economic stability.

Second Economic Collapse of the Weimar Republic

The Great Depression hit Germany hard, and the country turned to Hitler who promised to solve these economic crises and make Germany great again.

Hitler’s Birthplace

Austria

Hitler’s City of Residence After Adulthood

Vienna, where he agreed with the opinions of Austrian Germans in that they were superior to Serbs, Poles and especially Jews.

Hitler’s Opinion on The Weimar Republic

Thought that it was weak and ineffective and consequentially joined a group of right-wing extremists after moving to Germany and then became the leader of the National Socialist German Workers party.

Mein Kampf

The book written by Hitler while he was imprisoned that eventually became the basic book of Nazi goals and ideology.

Mein Kampf’s Content of Hitlers Obsessions

Extreme nationalism, racism and anti-semitism, the existence of a master race or Aryans (light skinned Europeans), blaming the loss of WW1 on Jews and Marxists.

Lebensraum

Space for the people of Germany to live in.

Members of the Nazi Party

One million people, most of whom were middle to lower class workers and businesspeople.

Reichstag

Lower house of legislature of the German gov. that Nazis and Communists won many seats in.

Hitler’s Germany’s Government

A totalitarian single party dictatorship with Hitler as its dictator/chancellor, black uniformed SS officers existed enforce laws and fear among people.

Hitler’s Germany’s Economy

Expanded infrastructure, the demand for military equipment helped reduce unemployment, preserved capitalism but the government still held control over big businesses

Hitler’s Germany’s Military Policies

The Treaty of Versailles was to be violated, and Germany was to become militarized again.

Hitler’s Germany’s Social Policies

Nazis indoctrinated young people with their ideologies through schools and broadcasted propaganda, speeches against Jews and Marxists were frequently given.

Women’s Roles in Hitler’s Germany

Women were forcibly removed from paid job positions in order to raise the birth rate, if there was a lack of laborers, lower class women were expected to fill in the roles of working men.

The Third Reich

Hitler’s vision of a great Germany, where the master race would dominate Europe.

Hitler’s War on Art

Denounced modern art, foreign music and works they deemed downplayed Germany’s military.

Hitler’s War on Culture/Religion

Christianity was thought of as weak, and religion was to be replaced with his racial creed.

Martin Niemoller

A Lutheran Minister who denounced Hitler’s policies and was later jailed for doing so

Nuremberg Laws

Placed severe restrictions on Jews like marrying non-Jews and attending or teaching at German schools. This caused the exodus of many Jews, including some of Germany’s greatest minds like Albert Einstein.

Kristallnacht

When Nazi mobs attacked Jewish communities all over Germany in response to the shooting of a government official by a Jew (who had been mistreated). They smashed windows, looted shops and burned synagogues.

Hitler’s “Final Solution”

The extermination of all Jews

Concentration Camps

Places where Jews and other civilians who were considered enemies of the state were kept in inhuman conditions.

Sophie Yaari

A woman who recounted her experiences during Kristallnacht