AP Psych Semester 2 Final

stress

physiological and psychological reaction to challenges, conflicts, and demands that we face in our life

real stress

physical / tangible source of stress (Ex. paper due in English class)

imagined stress

an abstract source of stress (Ex. thinking your parents want you to get A’s, but they never said explicitly)

Richard Lazarus

_____ proposed the importance of how we assess and appraise situations regarding the reaction that will follow

micro stressors

small and annoying occurrences (Ex. running late); can be insignificant on their own but will pile up to have severe effects

eustress

when stress comes from good things / positive sources

approach-approach conflict

two possible options to choose from and both are equally desirable

avoidance-avoidance conflict

two possible options to choose from and both are equally undesirable

approach-avoidance conflict

only one option; has both desirable / undesirable qualities

double approach-avoidance conflict

more than one possible option, but each has desirable / undesirable qualities

vacillation

bouncing back and forth between available options in a conflict

ambivalence

having little choices but both qualities have mixed feelings

Hans Selye

one of the best known researchers in field of stress; developed general adaptation syndrome

General Adaptation Syndrome

describes what the body is going through when confronting a stressor

alarm phase (1st stage)

occurs when the individual encounters the stressor; sympathetic nervous system reponds

• heart rate + respiration increases

• pupils dilate

• digestion slows

• body prepares fight/flight

resistance (2nd stage)

body functioning in state of sympathetic energy

• remains ready to continue in fight/flight

• remaining in this stage too long = vital source depletion

• greater risk for illness and fatigue

exhaustion (3rd stage)

body returns to parasympathetic state either due to resolved stressor or depleted bodily resources

• more susceptible to getting sick

• feel mental / physical fatigue

psychoneuroimmunology

studies relationship between stress, immune system function, endocrine system function, and overall mental well-being

life inventory

a method to measure stress

Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale

test designed to measure stress in life w/ life change units; looks at sources of eustress and distress

distress

negative sources of stress

Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome

What is this graph showing?

positive psychology

branch of psychology based on study / promotion of positive aspects of human life

happiness

experiencing positive emotions and satisfaction with one’s life

eudaimonic happiness

positive emotional state achieved w/ experiences of MEANING and PURPOSE

hedonic happiness

positive emotional state achieved w/ experiences of PLEASURE and ENJOYMENT

flourish

fulfillment in life, accomplishing meaning and worthwhile tasks; connects with others at a deeper level

well-being

state of happiness and contentment; low levels of stress; overall good physical and mental health and outlook

character strengths

positive attributes in a person’s personality

values in action (VIA) character strengths

unique personality traits that lead to positive outcomes; 24 identifiable character strengths characterized into 6 categories

wisdom

category including:

• curiosity

• love of learning

• crticial thinking

• ingenuity / creativity

• social / emotional intelligence and perspective

courage

category including:

• bravery

• perseverance

• integrity

humanity & love

category including:

• kindness  and loving

• allowing yourself to be loved

justice

category including:

• citizenship / teamwork / loyalty

• fairness and equity

• leadership

temperance

category including:

• self-control

• discretion

• humility / modesty

transcendence

category including:

• appreciation of beauty and excellence

• gratitude

• hope and optimism

• spirituality / sense of purpose

• forgiveness

• playfulness / humor

• zest / passion / enthusiasm

gratitude

appreciation for what an individual receives, tangible or intangible

social well-being

positive correlation between gratitude and positive emotional states

social belonging

improving interpersonal relationships with others

prosocial behavior

acts a moral barometer; gratitude motivates and reinforces _____

mindfulness

relaxation and purposeful attention to your body’s senses and experiences in the present moment

growth mindset

belief that abilities can be developed through hard work, good strategies, and instruction from others

fixed mindset

belief that individual is born with certain amount of ability and it cannot be changed

resilience

process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats, or significant source of stress

grit

passion and persistence for long term goals

psychopathology

study of psychological disorders + description of psychological disorders

syndrome

clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

reasons for diagnosis

• subjective discomfort

• statistically abnormal (Ex. washing hands x100 a day);

• related to loss of control + is maladaptive

• social non-conformity

• maladaptive for individual

social norms

behavior normal to a culture or society a person lives in

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)

published in 1952 by American Psychiatric Association to focus more on psychological disorders; used to guide diagnosis for disorder; lists symptoms, prevalence, and common occurrences in course of disorder

International Classification of Disease (ICD)

published by WHO in 1948; a series of books that listed medical illnesses, symptoms, possible causes, etc.

Hippocrates

____ believed in an imbalance of four humors

psychoanalytic perspective

includes Freudian view of the unconscious, and believes that psychological disorders are due to an imbalance of the id, ego, and superego; could stem from repressed childhood trauma

humanist perspective

believes that issue stems from how the person views themselves, self-esteem, or oversensitivity of judgement of others

cognitivists

believes that source are irrational thoughts that become automatic in the person’s mind; thoughts manifest in symptoms

behaviorists

believe that sources are a case of conditioning gone awry (Ex. classically conditioned to be anxious or operationally conditioned to be depressed)

biological perspective

medical model; believes psychological disorders are due to brain-based / neurotransmitter-based diseases

includes research of genetic transmission of the disorders

biopsychosocial approach

takes into account a person’s biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences

biological influences

genes, brain chemistry, hormones

psychological influences

thoughts, learned behaviors, emotions

sociocultural influences

family traditions, culture

David Rosenhand

performed experiment in 1973

• went to diff. hospitals where people complaining that voices in their heads + empty thud

• all admitted into hospital + diagnosed w/ mental illness

• once admitted, no symptom complaint, but still labeled as mentally ill

• normal patient behaviors seen as symptoms of a disorder, even if the researchers had those behaviors as well

result: importance of describing the disease rather than the person

personality disorders

a set of inflexible, unstable behavior patterns that impair a person’s ability to function normally with others

Cluster A personality disorders

disorders considered odd / eccentric

Cluster B personality disorders

disorders considered dramatic / emotional

Cluster C personality disorders

disorders considered anxious / fearful

paranoid personality disorder (Cluster A)

symptoms of excessive distrust in others

• avoidance of close relationships

• tendency to read into what people say for hidden meanings

• shifts blame towards others

schizoid personality disorder (Cluster A)

avoids relationships

• requires very little social contact or interaction

• viewed as having weak social skills / humorless

schizotypal personality disorder (Cluster A)

symptoms of bizarre and eccentric patterns of thought, speech, and mannerisms

• believes that own self has extra sensory movements (Ex. telekinesis)

antisocial personality disorder (Cluster B)

more prone to criminal behavior

• lack of conscience

• aggressive interactions / behaviors

• impulsivity

• sometimes categorized as psychopathic / socipathic

borderline personality disorder (Cluster B)

symptoms of mood instability

• impulsivity

• suicidal thoughts

• self-mutilating behaviors

• tendency to be involved in conflict-ridden relationships + intense symptoms near breakup

histrionic personality disorder (Cluster B)

described as attention seekers

• strong desire to be in the center / focus of situations

• engage in behaviors to shift focus back to them

• exaggerated language, styles of dress, mannerisms

narcissisitic personality disorder (Cluster B)

symptoms of exaggerated self-esteem and self-love

• exaggerate their achievements and feel they deserve admiration and praise

• more self-centered

• generally uninterested in the feelings of others

avoidant personality disorder (Cluster C)

symptoms of extreme social anxiety

• fear of being in social situations

• fear of being rejected

• yearn for social interaction but do not feel capable of doing so

dependent personality disorder (Cluster C)

excessive neediness and clinginess to other people

• oversensitivity to what people say

• pervasive feeling of helplessness

obsessive compulsive personality disorder (Cluster C)

excessive focus on orderliness

• perfect to the point where it interferes with task completion

• avoidance of working with other people

anxiety disorders

disorders marked by excessive feelings of anxiety or uneasiness; maladaptive and out of proportion for the given situation

generalized anxiety disorder

defined by symptoms of excessive, unrealistic anxiety

• does not appear to be related to any one thing

symptoms: restlessness, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbances, trouble concentrating

diagnosis: requires clinical distress + present symptoms for six months

“free-floating” source of anxiety

more than one source of anxiety that shifts from object / person to the next (Ex. school → familial relationships)

panic disorder

brief periods of intense and uncontrollable anxiety

• severity of panic attack makes person worry that they will have more

• builds up anxiety

symptoms: heart palpitations, sweating, dizziness, confusion, chest pain, difficulty breathing

phobias

intense and irrational fears of specific objects (Ex. spiders / clowns) or situations (Ex. closed spaces / heights)

diagnosis: must cause clinical distress + present for six months

obsessive-compulsive disorders

group of disorders characterized by unwanted anxiety, thoughts, and behaviors

obsessive-compulsive disorder

pattern of obsessions followed by compulsions; the latter occurs in an effort to reduce anxiety causing obsessions

compulsions

unwanted behaviors

obsessions

repeated and unwanted thoughts

trauma and stress disorders

group of disorders characterized by excessive amounts of anxiety and stress following a stressful event or traumatic experience

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

has a cluster of symptoms including:

• avoidance of event hearths of location

• persistent intrusive thoughts, memories, or dreams of the event

• distorted cognition and / or moods such as negativity

• loss of joy and pleasure

• feeling detached or estranged

• arousal symptoms such as sleep disturbance, hypervigilance, and / or startle response

often accompanied by social isolation, depression, and sometimes substance abuse

diagnosis: must be present for one month

mood disorders

general category including depressive and bipolar disorders together

major depressive disorder

characterized by debilitation depression, symptoms including:

• continuous depressive mood

• diminished interest in previously enjoyable activities

• significant weight fluctuation

• significant sleep fluctuation

• fatigue / loss of energy

• feeling worthless / guilty

• difficulty thinking / concentrating

• recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

diagnosis: requires five or more symptoms present for nearly every day for two weeks

persistent depressive disorder

diagnosed when there are 2+ of the same symptoms for major depressive disorder for over 2 years

bipolar disorder

period of depression + mania or hypomania

hypomania

mild mania

Bipolar 1 disorder

manic episode followed by hypomania or depressive episode

Bipolar 2 disorder

mostly depression in one or more hypomanic episodes

manic episodes

episodes with symptoms of:

• unrestrained euphoria

• decreased need for sleep

• feeling pressure to talk or maintain conversation

• disconnected ideas

• distractibility

• reckless  / hyperfocused behavior

schizophrenia

a severe psychological disorder with profound symptoms of delusions and / or hallucinations

diagnosis: requires exhibition of 2+ symptoms of…

• delusions

• hallucinations

• disorganized speech

• disorganized or catatonic behaviors

• negative symptoms

delusions

___ are distorted thoughts

hallucinations

___ are distorted or imagined perceptions

disorganized speech

___ is a symptom of speaking gibberish or not making sense

disorganized or catatonic behaviors

___ are odd and eccentric behaviors, or lack of movement