Drug Study

Cebu Psychiatric Exposure Drug Study Indications / Symptoms

Biperiden (Akineton)

An anticholinergic agent that blocks the central cholinergic receptors helping to balance cholinergic transmission in the basal ganglia.

* Management of ==Parkinsonian syndromes==, including ==rigidity and tremors==.
* Extrapyramidal symptoms like dyskinesia, akathisia, and parkinsonism caused by neuroleptics

clozapine (Clozaril)

Interferes with binding of dopamine and serotonin receptors.

* Schizoprenia in severely ill pts. unresponsive to other therapies.
* To ==reduce risk of recurrent suicidal behavior in schizoprenia or schizoaffective disorders==.

lithium (Carbolith)

Exact mechanism of action is unknown. Alters cation transport across cell membrane in nerve/muscle cells; influences reuptake of serotonin/norepinephrine.

* Acute mania in ==bipolar disorder==
* Long term control in ==bipolar disorder==

diphenhydramine hydrochloride (Benadryl)

Acts as an inverse agonist at the H1 receptor, thereby reversing the effects of histamine on capillaries, reducing allergic reaction symptoms.

* ==Signs and symptoms of Parkinson disease== and drug induced extrapyramidal reactions

haloperidol (Haldol)

Blocks postsynaptic dopamine (D2) receptors in the mesolimbic system of the brain.

* Psychotic disorders
* Chronic psychosis requiring prolonged therapy
* Nonpsychotic behavior disorders

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olanzipine (Zyprexia)

Binds loosely to the receptor and dissociates easily, allowing for normal dopamine neurotransmission.

* Schizoprenia
* Short treatment of acute manic episodes linked to bipolar I disorder
* Short treatment, with lithium or valproate, of acute mixed or manic episodes linked to bipolar I disorder
* Long treatment of bipolar I disorder
* Agitation caused by schizoprenia and bipolar I mania
* Depressive episodes associated with bipolar I
* Treatment - resistant depression

chlorpromazine (Thorazine)

The antiemetic effect stems from the combined blockage of histamine H1, dopamine D2, and muscarinic M1 receptors in the vomiting center.

* Psychosis, mania
* Behavioral disorders, hyperactivity

risperidone (Riperdal)

Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition are potential mechanisms by which the medication is postulated to produce antidepressant effects.

* Schizoprenia
* Parental maintenance therapy for schizoprenia or bipolar I disorder
* Irritability, including aggression, self-injury, and temper tantrums, associate with an autistic disorder

valproic acid (Depakene)

Unknown; may be related to increased bioavailability of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to brain neurons.

* Simple and complex absense seizures, mixed seizure types (including absense seizures)
* Complex partial seizures
* Mania

quetiapine fumarate (Seroquel)

Unknown; may be related to the drug’s ability to reduce dopaminergic neurotransmission in the mesolimbic pathway.

* Schizoprenia
* Bipolar I disorder, acute manic episodes
* Bipolar depression
* Major depressive disorder, adjunctive therapy with antidepressants

carbamozepine (Carbatrol)

Decreases neuronal excitability or enhances inhibition by altering sodium, potassium or calcium or other neurotransmitters.

* Acute manic and mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder
* Generalized tonic-clonic and complex partial seizures, mixed seizure patterns

amlodipine (Norvasc)

Works by blocking the voltage-dependent L-type Calcium channels, thereby inhibiting the initial influx of calcium.

* HTN
* Chronic stable angina, vasopastic angina (Prinzmetal or variant angina) \[Heart Problems\]

clopidogrel (Plavix)

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Words by irreversibly inhibiting a receptor called P2Y12 on platelets; inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregators.

* To reduce rate of MI and stroke in patients with established peripheral arterial disease or history of recent MI or stroke
* To reduce rate of MI and stroke in patients with unstable angina/non ST elevation MI (NSTEMI)

losartan (Cozaar)

Works by blocking a substance in the body that causes blood vessels to tighten.

* HTN
* Nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes
* To reduce risk of stroke in patients with HTN and left ventricular hypertrophy

temisartan (Micardis)

Blocks vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II; inhibiting binding of angiotensin II to AT1 receptors.

* HTN (used alone or with other antihypertensives)
* CV risk reduction in patients at high risk and unable to take ACE inhibitors

enalapril (Vasotec)

Ace catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin II a vasoconstrictor substance. Therefore, inhibition of ACE decreases vasopressor activity and aldosterone secretion.

* HTN
* To manage syymptomatic HF
* Asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction

fluphernazine decanoate

Blocks postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the brain

* Psychotic disorders

paliperidone palmitate (Invega Sustenna)

Exact mechanism unknown. Maybe be related to mixed central dopamine and serotonin antagonism.

* Schizoprenia and schizoaffective disorder

calcium carbonate (Tums)

Works by decreasing gastric acidity, thereby inhibiting proteolytic action of pepsin on gastric mucosa and increase lower esophageal sphincter tone.

* For relief of heartburn and acid indigestion
* May also be used as a nutritional supplement or to treat hypocalcemia

trimetazidine (Vastarel)

Inhibits B-oxidation of fatty acids which enhances glucose oxidation.

* Symptomatic treatment of stable angina pectoris in patients inadequately controlled or intolerant to first line therapies

ferrous sulfate (Fersulfate Iron)

* prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anemia
* dietary supplement of iron

ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

* Used to treat vitamin c deficiency, scurvy, delayed wound and bone healing, urine acidification, and in general as an antioxidant

vitamin B-complex (Vitamin B)

* Prenicious anemia
* dietary supplement of vitamin B

Multivitamins

* Vitamin deficiencies
* Provide vitamins that are not absorbed through the diet