Ch. 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Solute contributes to the movement of water between cells and the surrounding medium by ________.

osmotic pressure

A cation has a(n) ________ charge.

positive

Interstitial fluid (IF) is ________.

the fluid that bathes all of the body's cells except for blood cells

The largest amount of water comes into the body via ________.

liquids

The largest amount of water leaves the body via ________.

urines

Insensible water loss is water lost via ________.

skin evaporation and in air from the lungs

How soon after drinking a large glass of water will a person start increasing their urine output?

30 minutes

Bone serves as a mineral reserve for which two ions?

calcium and phosphate

Electrolytes are lost mostly through ________.

renal function

The major cation in extracellular fluid is ________.

sodium

The major cation in intracellular fluid is ________.

potassium

The major anion in extracellular fluid is ________.

chloride

Most of the body's calcium is found in ________.

bone

Abnormally increased blood levels of sodium are termed ________.

hypernatremia

The ion with the lowest blood level is ________.

potassium

Which two ions are most affected by aldosterone?

sodium and potassium

Which of the following is the most important buffer inside red blood cells?

hemoglobin

Which explanation best describes why plasma proteins can function as buffers?

Proteins have both positive and negative charges on their surface.

The buffer that is adjusted to control acid-base balance is ________.

bicarbonate: carbonic acid buffer

Carbonic acid levels are controlled through the ________.

respiratory system

Bicarbonate ion concentrations in the blood are controlled through the ________.

renal system

Which reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase?

CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3

Which of the following is a cause of metabolic acidosis?

diarrhea

Which of the following is a cause of respiratory acidosis?

emphysema

At a pH of 7.40, the carbonic acid ratio is ________.

20:1

Which of the following is characterized as metabolic alkalosis?

increased pH, increased pCO2, increased HCO3-