Ultimate Guide AP Spanish Language and Culture (copy)

Familismo

A cultural value prioritizing family over the individual, emphasizing family unity, loyalty, and support.

Machismo

A cultural value emphasizing traditional masculine roles, characterized by traits such as strength, courage, and assertiveness.

Marianismo

A cultural value emphasizing traditional feminine roles, characterized by purity, selflessness, and nurturing.

Catholicism

A branch of Christianity based on belief in the Holy Trinity, the divinity of Jesus Christ, and the authority of the Pope.

Changing family dynamics

Shifts in family structures and roles due to modernization, including increased workforce participation by women and rising single-parent households.

Close-knit relationships

Strong familial bonds and frequent family gatherings, common in Spanish family culture.

Extended family

A family structure including multiple generations living together, common in Spanish culture.

Respect for elders

Cultural emphasis in Spanish society valuing the advice and guidance of older generations.

Traditional gender roles

Expectations of men as primary breadwinners and women as caretakers within the family in Spanish society.

Flamenco

A traditional Spanish dance form originating in Andalusia, characterized by passionate and expressive movements.

Bullfighting

A traditional, controversial sport in Spain involving a bullfighter facing a bull in an arena.

Spanish Festivals

Cultural celebrations known for their vibrant and lively atmosphere, including events like La Tomatina and Running of the Bulls.

Self-esteem

An aspect of mental health and well-being, tied to social status and community support in Spanish culture.

Art Styles

Spanish art is renowned for its unique style and creativity. Some of the most famous Spanish artists include Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dali, and Francisco Goya

Spanish cuisine

Diverse food traditions in Spain, influenced by various regions, featuring dishes like paella, gazpacho, and tapas.

Public transportation in Spain

The system of buses, trains, and subways used to facilitate travel within cities, impacted by various socio-economic factors.

Climate Change

The long-term alteration of temperature and typical weather patterns in a place, causing environmental challenges.

Childhood obesity

A public health issue linked to dietary habits and lifestyle, prevalent in Spain as processed foods are now easier to get than fresh food

Meals

Meals are an important part of Spanish family life, with families often gathering together for long, leisurely meals

Architecture

Spanish architecture is characterized by its ornate and intricate designs, with influences from various styles such as Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque.

Changes in Values

Traditional Catholic values are becoming less influential, and secular values are becoming more prevalent. Individualism is becoming more important, and family ties are becoming less important.

Greetings

Greetings are an important part of Spanish culture and are often more elaborate than in other cultures. It is common to greet people with a handshake or a kiss on each cheek, depending on the region and the relationship between the people. When meeting someone for the first time, it is customary to use formal greetings

Lack of Reliable Energy

Spain is heavily dependent on energy imports, which makes it vulnerable to price fluctuations and supply disruptions. In 2019, Spain imported 75% of its energy needs, including oil, gas, and coal. Spain needs to invest in its energy infrastructure to ensure a reliable and sustainable supply of energy. This includes upgrading the electricity grid, investing in energy storage technologies, and promoting energy efficiency.

Education Challenges

Spain has been facing a lack of quality education for many years. It has one of the highest school dropout rates in Europe. The education system is highly centralized, which leads to a lack of flexibility and innovation. The curriculum is outdated and does not prepare students for the demands of the modern world. Teachers are underpaid and overworked, which affects the quality of education they provide.

Natural Disasters

Natural disasters can have devastating effects on communities, causing loss of life, destruction of infrastructure, and economic setbacks. Spain, like many other countries, has experienced its fair share of natural disasters, including floods, wildfires, earthquakes, and droughts.

Income inequality

Spain has one of the highest levels of income inequality in Europe. This inequality is due to factors such as low wages, unemployment, and a lack of social mobility.

Basque County

The most significant nationalist conflict in Spain was the Basque separatist movement, which sought independence for the Basque Country in northern Spain. The Basque separatist group ETA carried out a campaign of violence for over 40 years, killing over 800 people.

duende

a mysterious force that inspires creativity and passion

Social Media Use

Spanish speakers use technology to share their cultural heritage, traditions, and beliefs with others. Technology has allowed Spanish speakers to create and share content that reflects their personal identity, such as music, art, and literature and participate in online communities that celebrate their culture and identity.

Spanish Art

The art of Spain has been influenced by various civilizations, including the Romans, Moors, and Christians. Spanish art is characterized by its vibrant colors, intricate designs, and religious themes.

Famous Artists

The works of famous Spanish artists, such as Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dali, and Francisco Goya, have had a significant impact on the art world.

Graffiti

The 1980s saw the emergence of graffiti in Spain, with artists like Muelle and Zeta becoming popular for their colorful and expressive works. In recent years, the street art scene in Spain has evolved to include large-scale murals that often address social and political issues.

Graffiti Events

Barcelona's El Raval neighborhood is a popular destination for street art enthusiasts, with many of the city's best-known artists having created works there. The city of Valencia is also home to a thriving street art scene, with the annual Poliniza festival attracting artists from around the world to create murals throughout the city.

Velázquez

The 16th-century artist, Diego Velázquez, is considered the father of Spanish self-portraiture. Velázquez's self-portraits are known for their realism and psychological depth.

Goya

Francisco Goya, another famous Spanish artist, also created several self-portraits throughout his career. Goya's self-portraits are notable for their dark and brooding atmosphere.

20th Century Potraits

In the 20th century, Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dali continued the tradition of Spanish self-portraiture. Picasso's self-portraits are known for their cubist style and fragmented forms. Dali's self-portraits often feature surreal and dreamlike elements

Sagrada Familia

The Sagrada Familia is a large unfinished Roman Catholic church in Barcelona, Catalonia. It was designed by the famous architect Antoni Gaudi and construction began in 1882. The church is known for its unique and intricate design, which combines Gothic and Art Nouveau styles.

Mezquita

A mosque-cathedral located in Cordoba, Andalusia. It was originally built as a mosque during the 8th century and was later converted into a cathedral in the 13th century. The building is known for its stunning architecture, which combines Islamic and Christian styles.

Chicano Art

Chicano art is characterized by its use of bold colors, symbolism, and political messages. It often incorporates elements of Mexican culture, such as Aztec and Mayan imagery, as well as Catholic iconography. Chicano artists also use their art to address social issues such as immigration, racism, and poverty.

Guernica

One of the most famous artists during Franco was Pablo Picasso, who created the iconic painting "Guernica" in response to the bombing of the Basque town of Guernica by German and Italian warplanes.

Royal Influence on Art

These paintings often depicted the rulers themselves, their families, and their courtiers. The paintings were used to promote the power and wealth of the Spanish monarchy. Many of the paintings were created by famous artists such as Diego Velázquez and Francisco de Goya.

Cuban Internet

Has one of the lowest internet penetration rates in the world, with only around 5% of the population having access to the internet. The Cuban government heavily controls and restricts internet access, with only a few government-approved internet service providers (ISPs) operating in the country. Internet access is also expensive and slow, with many Cubans relying on public Wi-Fi hotspots or internet cafes to access the internet.

Cuban Transportation

Cuba has a well-developed public transportation system that is affordable and reliable. The most common mode of transportation in Cuba is the bus. The buses are operated by the state-owned company, Viazul, and connect major cities and tourist destinations. Taxis are also available in Cuba, but they are more expensive than buses. There are two types of taxis: official state-run taxis and private taxis. Private taxis are often cheaper than state-run taxis but may not be as reliable.

Alternate Transportation in Cuba

Another popular mode of transportation in Cuba is the collective taxi, also known as a "colectivo." These are shared taxis that operate on fixed routes and are often cheaper than private taxis. People also use horse-drawn carriages, bicycle taxis, and motorcycle taxis available in some areas.

Cuban Cars

Has a unique collection of vintage cars due to the US embargo in 1960s which prevented new car imports. These cars are mostly from the 1950s and earlier, and are still in use today due to the lack of newer models. The cars are maintained by their owners, who have become experts in repairing and restoring them. The vintage cars have become a symbol of Cuba's culture and history, and are a popular attraction for tourists.

Catalan Independence Movement and the Internet

Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram were the most widely used social media platforms by the movement, with hashtags such as #Catalonia, #1Oct, and #LlibertatPresosPolitics trending globally. Social media allowed activists to share news, videos, and images of police brutality during the 2017 independence referendum, which helped to garner international attention and support for the movement.

South American Society/Conditions

Latin American societies are known for their strong social values and community-oriented culture. Social inequality and poverty are major issues in Latin America, and many people believe in the importance of helping those in need. Volunteer work is a common way for people to give back to their communities in Latin America.

Invention of Color Television

Guillermo Gonzalez Camarena, a Mexican engineer, invented the first color television system in 1940.

Effects of Globalization

In Mexico, the popularity of American fast food chains like McDonald's and KFC has led to the decline of traditional Mexican cuisine. In Argentina, the popularity of tango music and dance has spread around the world, leading to the emergence of a global tango community that transcends national and cultural boundaries.

Mediterranean Diet

A traditional diet followed in Spain and other Mediterranean countries. It is based on the consumption of plant-based foods, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds. It also includes moderate amounts of fish, poultry, and dairy products, and limited amounts of red meat and sweets.

Mate

a traditional South American drink made by steeping dried leaves of yerba mate plant in hot water. In Argentina, mate is more than just a drink, it's a cultural tradition and a way of life. It is shared among friends, family, and colleagues, and it's a symbol of hospitality and friendship. The person who prepares the mate is called the "cebador" and it's considered an art to prepare the perfect mate.

Fútbol

The most popular sport in Spain. The Spanish football league, La Liga, is one of the best in the world and attracts millions of fans from around the globe. The two biggest football clubs in Spain are Real Madrid and Barcelona, and their rivalry is one of the most intense in the world.

Tapas

Tapas are small, shareable dishes that are a staple of Spanish cuisine. They can be served hot or cold and can range from simple (olives, cheese) to complex (stuffed peppers, croquettes). Tapas are often enjoyed as a pre-dinner snack or as a way to sample a variety of dishes.

Unemployment Rate

Spain has one of the highest unemployment rates in the European Union. The unemployment rate in Spain was around 14% in 2019. The youth unemployment rate is even higher, at around 30%. The high unemployment rate is a major concern for the Spanish economy.

Spanish Regional Economic Development

Spain has significant regional disparities in terms of economic development. The northern regions of Spain are more developed than the southern regions. The regional disparities are a major challenge for the Spanish government as it limits the country's overall economic growth.

Spanish Climate Change

Spain is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, such as rising temperatures and sea levels. The country has committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions and increasing the use of renewable energy sources

Spanish Air Pollution

Spain has high levels of air pollution, especially in urban areas. The main sources of air pollution are traffic, industry, and energy production. The government has implemented measures to reduce air pollution, such as promoting public transportation and restricting the use of cars in certain areas.

Spanish Water Usage

Spain is one of the most water-stressed countries in Europe. The country has experienced several droughts in recent years, which have affected agriculture and the availability of drinking water.

Spanish Demographics

Spain has experienced a steady population growth over the past few decades, but this growth has slowed down in recent years due to a declining birth rate and an increase in emigration. The population in Spain is aging, with a median age of 44 years. This is due to a combination of factors, including a low birth rate and an increase in life expectancy.

Moors

The Moors were Muslim invaders from North Africa who conquered Spain in the 8th century. They ruled for over 700 years and left a lasting impact on Spanish culture, including the architecture, music, and cuisine.