Pathological Adaptations

Hyperplasia

Increase in # of cells in organ/tissue in response to stimulus

Hypertrophy

Increase in cell size that results in affected organ size increase, not more cells, just bigger ones

Atrophy

reduction is organ/tissue size due to decrease in cell size and #

Thing developed, but now it shrinking

Metaplasia

reversable change where one differentiated cell type is replaced by another cell type (Columnar to squamos most common in resp. tract in response to chronic irritation)

Neoplasia

New Growth, the new growths are called neoplasms

The two basic components of a tumor

1. Neoplastic cells constitute the tumor parenchyma

2. Reactive stroma made of CT, blood vessels, and adaptive and innate Immune cells.

differentiation

the extent to which neoplastic parenchymal cells resemble to corresponding normal parenchymal cells.

anaplasia

lack of differentiation

carcinoma in situ

Severe dysplasia that involves the full epithelium thickness, but does not penetrate the basement membrane

Sarcoma

malignant tumor from solid mesenchymal tissue

leukemia/lymphoma

Cancerous white blood/lymphocytes

Leukemia is in the blood stream

Lymphoma is in tissues

3 pathways of metastasis

1. Direct seeding of body cavities or surfaces (open field)

2. Lymphatic Spread

3. Hematogenous Spread (small vein penetration of primary neoplasm, blood borne tumor cells comes to rest in a capillary bed)

Carcinogen

Agent that can cause cancer

Carcinogen

Agent that can cause cancer

Mechanisms of hypertrophy

Increased cellular protein production

Mechanism of hyperplasia

Increased cellular protein production

Atrophy Mechanism

Decreased protein synthesis but increased protein degradation

Metaplasia Mechanism

Reprogramming of local tissue stem cells or colonization by adjacent cell populations

Benign Tumor

Remain localized at origin site, amenable to surgical removal

Malignant Tumor

Can invade/destroy adjacent structures and metastasize

Aplasia

Failure of development, never formed

Hypoplasia

Low development, didn’t finish developing

Adenocarcinoma

Growing in glands

Dysplasia

Disordered growth with loss of normal architecture and maturation

Severe dysplasia is also known as … ^

Carcinoma in situ, also known as … ^