Unit 6: Cities and Urban Land-Use Patterns and Processes (copy)

central place theory

all market areas are focused on a central settlement that is a place of exchange and service provision

threshold

the minimum number of people required to support a business

range

the maximum distance that people are willing to travel to gain access to a service

agglomeration

exists when similar business activities are found in a local cluster

resource nodes

towns and cities that were founded due to access to natural resources

squatters

people who settle on land that they don’t own

land invasion

squatters that generally settle a new area overnight with a large number of families to avoid retributions from landowners and local police

land tenure

the legal right or title to the land upon which they build their homes

micro districts

zones of uniform housing that provide worker housing near job sites

suburbanization

the growth and spatial reorganization of contemporary city

suburban sprawl

the expansion of housing, transportation, and commercial development to undeveloped land on the urban periphery

counterurbanization

the movement of inner-city or suburban residents to rural areas to escape the congestion, crime, pollution, and other negative aspects of the urban landscape

colonial cities

cities with origins as centers of colonial trade or administration are classified together

fall-line cities

the ports that lay upstream on coastal rivers at the point where navigation was no longer possible by ocean-going ships

fall-line

where a river’s tidal estuary transitions to an upland stream at the first set of river falls

medieval cities

urban centers that predate the European Renaissance, roughly 1400 C.E.

gateway cities

places where immigrants make their way into a country

entrepôt

a port city in which goods are shipped in at one price and shipped out to other port locations at a higher price, resulting in profitable trade

megacity

a metropolitan area with more than 10 million people

megalopolis

the merging of the urbanized areas of two or more cities, generally through suburban growth and expansion

world city

signifies a metropolitan area as a global center for finance, trade, and commerce

primate city

when the largest city in a country has at least twice the population of the country’s next largest city

rank-size rule

a country’s second largest city is half the size of its largest city; the third-largest city is one-third the size of the largest city; and so on, such that the eighth largest city is one-eighth the size of the largest city

1. pn= p1/n

2. pop of city = pop of largest city/ rank size of city

de facto segregation

where no law requiring ethnic or racial segregation exists, yet they nonetheless remain zones of separation

redlining

designating neighborhoods on company maps where home mortgage and insurance applications would be automatically denied

restrictive covenants

means of racial discrimination through the real estate system

gentrification

the economic reinvestment in existing real estate

bond levies

raise money by increasing property taxes

brownfield remediation

a process in which hazardous contaminants are removed or sealed off from former industrial s

ECUMENE

permanently inhabited portion of the earth’s surface

urbanization

developing towns and cities

• ongoing process that does not end once a city is formed

meta city

an urban area with more than 20 mil residents

city-state

• consists of a city and its surrounding territory and agricultural villages

• has its own political system and functions independently

urban sprawl

unrestricted growth and expansion of an urban or suburban area into the surrounding countryside

boomburb

rapidly growing suburban city tthat has developed its own unique identity

exurb

settlement that exists outside of a suburban area, but remains connected to metro area

• less dense

edge city

settlement that has its own economic district

• located on the outskirts of a city near a beltway or major highway

• mostly independent, and more specialization

world city

• cities connected to other city

• has major influence and significance on the world

• will have a ripple effect across the world

linkages

connections between different industries, sectors, or places

• think trade, commuication

interdependence

mutual reliance, connection of diff groups of people, regions, states, etc.

gravity model

• larger the city, the bigger the pull

• smaller cities have less opportunities, less people are mtoivated to move here

• shows countermigration

christaller’s central place theory

• threshold - how many people are needed to support a business/store/service

• range - maximum people are willing to travel for a certain good or service

• - understand the location of diff settlements

concentric zone model

• becomes less dense on outer rings, cbd has highest density

• has 5 rings

hoyt sector model

• cbd still in the middle

• each sector grew outward as the city expanded

• lowe income housing next to industrial areas and transportation

• transportation sector favors an adjacent zone of manufacturing

• diff types of land use and hosuing were all located near the CBD in the city’s early history

multiple-nuclei model

A model of urban structure where cities have multiple centers of activity, each with its own distinct functions and characteristics.In urban geography, the concept of polycentric urban structure refers to a model of city organization that deviates from the traditional monocentric layout. In this model, cities are characterized by the presence of several centers of activity, each serving as a focal point for specific functions and activities. These centers can vary in size, function, and importance, creating a more diverse and dynamic urban landscape. For example, a city may have a central business district, an industrial zone, a cultural district, and a residential area, each with its own unique characteristics and amenities. This multi-centered approach to urban planning can lead to more efficient land use, reduced traffic congestion, and a more balanced distribution of resources and services throughout the city. By promoting decentralization and diversity, polycentric urban structures can help create more resilient and sustainable cities that better meet the needs of their residents.

A model of urban structure where cities have multiple centers of activity, each with its own distinct functions and characteristics.

ai genrated bc im eating

galactic model

• factors transportatiion, tech, and edgecities

• features specialization

latin american ciy model

• influenced by colonization, market/cbd

• has a spine along cbd to the mall with more higher-end areas

• disamenity zone area where residents live in extreme poverty with squatter/informal settlements

informal settlements

residential areas built w/o legal authoriuzatiin

• lack basic infrastructure, services, & legal protection

sub-saharan african city model

• 3 cbds

• colonial cbd

• trad cbd

• market zone

• ethnic neighborhoods influenced by colonization

• roads divide areas

• informal settlements in outer ring

southeast asian city model

• no cbd, instead port zone

• port zone bc of colonizaion and geogrphy

• alien comm zone promotes trade w other countrues

• farther back is agriculture & squatter settlements

density gradient

gradual change in density of an urban area from the center to the periphery

poor urban planning creates

• food deserts

• uneven economic development and unequal social development