Unit 1 Cell Biology Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering cell structure, organelles, transport mechanisms, biological drawing rules, microscopy, and scale calculations.

Plant Cell Specific Structures

Structures present in plant cells but absent in animal cells: cell wall, chloroplasts, and large permanent vacuole.

Shared Animal and Plant Cell Structures

Cellular structures found in both animal and plant cells: cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, ER, and Golgi.

Rules for Biological Cell Drawings

Biological drawing standards requiring clear continuous lines, no shading, drawing large and accurately, depicting only visible structures, and using straight, clear labels that do not cross.

Cell Membrane

Structure made of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins that controls movement of substances into and out of the cell and helps maintain internal conditions.

Channel Proteins

Membrane proteins that form hydrophilic channels through the membrane, allowing specific ions or polar molecules to move across by facilitated diffusion.

Carrier Proteins

Membrane proteins that bind to specific substances and change shape to transport them across the membrane via facilitated diffusion or active transport.

Chloroplast

Organelle containing a double membrane, grana/thylakoids, stroma, and chlorophyll; serves as the site of photosynthesis where chlorophyll absorbs light energy.

Mitochondrion

Organelle with a double membrane whose inner membrane is folded into cristae; serves as the site of aerobic respiration and produces ATP for cellular activities.

Ribosomes

Structures made of rRNA and proteins with two subunits; serve as the site of protein synthesis and can be free in cytoplasm or attached to RER.

Nucleus

Organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope that contains DNA/chromatin and a nucleolus; contains genetic information and controls cell activities.

Nucleolus

Structure inside the nucleus that makes ribosome components.

Golgi Apparatus

Stacks of flattened membrane-bound sacs that modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids, and produce vesicles for transport.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes that synthesizes and transports proteins.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Endoplasmic reticulum with no ribosomes that synthesizes lipids and helps process substances.

Cell Wall

Structure made mainly of cellulose in plants that provides support and strength, maintains cell shape, and prevents the cell from bursting.

Middle Lamella

Structure that helps hold neighboring plant cells together.

Large Permanent Vacuole

Plant organelle containing cell sap (water, sugars, ions, etc.) that maintains turgor pressure to support the plant and stores substances.

Light Microscope

Microscope that uses visible light and glass lenses to magnify images, having lower resolution than an electron microscope.

Electron Microscope

Microscope that uses a beam of electrons and electromagnetic lenses to provide much greater magnification and resolution, showing very detailed cell structures.

Main Parts of a Microscope

Eyepiece, objective lenses, stage, stage clips, light source, diaphragm, coarse focus, fine focus, arm, and base.

Magnification Calculation Formula

Formula defined as $\text{Magnification} = \text{image size} \times \text{actual size}^{-1}$ or $\text{Magnification} = \frac{\text{image size}}{\text{actual size}}$.

Actual Size Calculation Formula

Formula defined as $\text{Actual size} = \frac{\text{image size}}{\text{magnification}}$.

Unit Conversion in Actual Length Calculation

Process of converting dimensions into required units, such as \text{mm} \rightarrow \text{̧m}.

Scale Bar Actual Size Calculation Formula

Formula defined as $\text{Actual size} = \frac{\text{structure measurement}}{\text{scale bar measurement}} \times \text{actual scale bar size}$.