Bio Unit 3 sg identification

S phase

This is when DNA replication occurs.

G1 phase

This is the first stage of the interphase.

G1 phase and G2 phase

The growth of the cell happens in this phase.

Mitosis

This refers to the division that occurs in somatic cells.

Meiosis

This refers to the division that occurs to produce sex cells.

G2 checkpoint

This checks if the chromosomes are properly duplicated.

Cytokinesis

This refers to the division of the cytoplasm.

Cytokinesis

This is when the cleavage furrow or cell plate appears.

S phase

This is when the cell duplicates its genetic material.

G1 checkpoint

This is the first interphase checkpoint.

Prometaphase

This begins after the nuclear envelope breaks down.

Telophase

The nucleolus reappears.

Prophase

The nucleolus disappears.

Metaphase

The chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.

Anaphase

The sister chromatids move to opposite poles.

Telophase

Two nuclei are formed.

Prophase

The mitotic spindle starts to form.

Prometaphase

The spindles start to grow to the middle of the cell.

Anaphase

This ends after the chromatids face the opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase

The daughter chromatids decondense.

Tetrads

This refers to the pairs of homologous chromosomes that organize into complexes during the synapsis meiosis I.

Crossing over or genetic recombination

This event refers to the exchange of segments of the homologous chromosomes during meiosis I.

Spindle fibers or microtubules

This structure guides the chromosomes in migration during meiosis.

Metaphase plate

This is the area in the middle of the cell where chromosomes align before segregation.

Prophase II

This is the phase where the spindle reforms in preparation for meiosis II.

Four

This is the total number of daughter cells produced after meiosis.

Homologous chromosomes

These are the structures that segregate in meiosis I.

Sister chromatids

These are the structures that segregate in meiosis II.

Fertilization

This is the process wherein the sperm fuses with the egg during sexual reproduction.

Zygote

This is the single-celled product of fertilization.

Genome

This refers to the complete set of genes that an organism has.

Growth

This refers to an increase in size because of an increase in the number of cells or an increase in cell size.

Hayflick limit

This refers to the limit of the number of times that a cell can undergo mitosis.

Zygote

This is the single cell that results from fertilization.

Cleavage

This is the modified type of mitosis that the zygote undergoes.

Sexual reproduction

This is the type of reproduction wherein a male and a female organism are both required.

Asexual reproduction

This is the type of reproduction that does not require the presence of both male and female parents.

Budding

This is an example of asexual reproduction where an outgrowth from an organism breaks off to produce a new organism.

Genetic diversity

This term refers to how varied the traits are of different individuals within the same species.

Stem cells

These are undifferentiated cells that can eventually specialize to become other cell types.

Nondisjunction

This occurs when the chromosomes of sister chromatids do not segregate properly.

Meiotic nondisjunction

This is nondisjunction specifically if it happens in meiosis.

Cell cycle checkpoints

These points in the cell cycle check for cell size, cell integrity, and DNA damage.

Cancer

This is a disease that is characterized by abnormal and uncontrollable cell growth.

Metastasis

This refers to the uncontrollable cell growth that spreads to other parts of the body.

Tumor

This refers to a mass of cells caused by uncontrolled cell growth.

Aneuploidy

This occurs when a cell has an abnormal number of chromosomes.

Turner syndrome

This is a disorder that is also known as 45X.

Mosaicism

This refers to the presence of cells with different genotypes in an organism.

Microcephaly

This is a condition wherein a baby is born with a head that is smaller than normal.