Chapter 20A Cardiovascular System: The Heart

functions of the cardiovascular system

Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body, regulates body temperature and pH, water levels, electrolyte levels, protects the body with immune cells and clotting mechanisms.

What substances does the cardiovascular system transport throughout the body?

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

How does the cardiovascular system help regulate the body?

Regulates body temperature, pH, water levels, and electrolyte levels.

How does the cardiovascular system protect the body?

protects the body using white blood cells, antibodies, antimicrobial proteins, and chemical signals

dextrocardia

heart displaced to the right

Name the four chambers of the heart

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

Which side of the heart contains deoxygenated blood?

the right side (right atrium and right ventricle)

Which side of the heart contains oxygenated blood?

left side (left atrium and left ventricle)

What is the function of the pulmonary circuit?

carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium

What is the function of the systemic circuit?

carries oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

Name the four heart valves

tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral (bicuspid), aortic

Where is the tricuspid valve located

between right atrium and right ventricle

Where is the pulmonary valve located

between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Where is the mitral (bicuspid) valve located

between left atrium and left ventricle

Where is the aortic valve located

between left ventricle and aorta

Which valves produce the "lub" sound?

AV valves: tricuspid and mitral/bicuspid valves.

Which valves produce the "dub" sound?

semilunar valves: pulmonary and aortic valves.

papillary muscles

contract when the ventricles contract, pull on the chordae tendineae to close the valve

chordae tendineae

fibrous cords that connect the papillary muscles to the atrioventricular (AV) valves in the heart

function of the pericardium

protects the heart, anchors it in the chest, prevents overfilling, and reduces friction

What are the three layers of the cardiac wall?

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

Which layer is also known as cardiac muscle tissue?

myocardium

Which chamber has the thickest myocardium?

left ventricle

pericarditis

inflammation of the pericardium

endocarditis

inflammation of endocardium and typically involves the heart valves

cardiac tamponade

fluid buildup in the pericardial sac that compresses the heart

athlete's heart

enlarged heart due to prolonged exercise

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

heart muscle becomes enlarged and blocks blood flow

valve stenosis

narrowing of a heart valve that restricts blood flow

valve regurgitation

backward flow of blood through a heart valve

coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis)

plaque buildup in coronary arteries that reduces blood flow to the heart

Electrocardiogram

measures the electrical activity of the heart

Echocardiogram

ultrasound test that creates images to see the heart and assess structures, function and blood flow

Blood test

C-reactive protein & homocysteine are signs of inflammation or increased risk of CAD

Stress test

exercise on a treadmill or stationary bike while ECG, heart rate, and blood pressure are monitored

Cardiac catheterization

a thin tube is inserted into an artery through the groin or arm and guided to the heart

Angiography

radiographic imaging of blood vessels

What are treatments for coronary artery disease?

statins, angioplasty, stent, lifestyle changes

role of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in the development of atherosclerosis

"Good Cholesterol", removes excess cholesterol from body cells & brings to liver to be broken down, decreases blood cholesterol level

role of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in the development of atherosclerosis

"Bad Cholesterol", carries cholesterol from liver to body cells, increases risk of atherosclerosis

chambers involved in pulmonary circuit

right ventricle and left atrium

chambers involved in systemic circuit

left ventricle and right atrium

step 1 of blood flow through heart

deoxygenated blood comes from SVC and IVC and enters right atrium

step 2 of blood flow through heart

blood passes THROUGH tricuspid valve into the right ventricle

step 3 of blood flow through heart

from right ventricle it goes through pulmonary valve to pulmonary artery and then to the lungs (gas exchange)

step 4 of blood flow through heart

oxygenated blood returns from lungs via pulmonary veins and go to left atrium

step 5 of blood flow through heart

blood flows from left atrium through mitral valve TO left ventricle

step 6 of blood flow through heart

blood is pumped from left ventricle THROUGH aortic valve TO aorta and then oxygenated blood is then delivered to the body (internal respiration)