Cell Division and Metabolic Pathways

Flashcards for Mitosis, Meiosis, Amoeboid vs. Bacteria, Metabolic Pathways, ATP, Cyclins/CDK, PPP, and Intermediate Compounds

Mitosis

Form of cell division that helps cells grow and repair damage, creating identical cells with 46 chromosomes.

Interphase

Phase of cell division where DNA is replicated and cells grow.

Prophase

Chromosomes condense and spindles begin to form.

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell; nucleus disassembles.

Anaphase

Chromosomes move apart to the poles of the cell with the help of spindles.

Telophase

Chromosomes at opposite ends; new nuclei form to make two new, identical cells.

Cytokinesis

Separates two cells by splitting the cytoplasm after PMAT stages.

Meiosis

Reproductive cell division that produces sperm/egg cells (gametes) and creates genetic variety; egg/sperm cells have 23 chromosomes.

Prophase I

Chromosomes condense and thicken and line up with their homologous pairs, allowing for crossing over.

Metaphase I

Chromosomes line up in their pairs, not single, unlike mitosis.

Prophase II

No longer homologous pairs; chromosomes/spindles merely form.

Metaphase II

Chromosomes line up, now single.

Telophase II

Nuclei reform; 2 cells each divide, resulting in 4 cells.

Crossing Over

Chromosomes line up in homologous pairs and transfer genetic information between each other, duplicating before dividing into daughter cells.

Independent Assortment

The separation of paired homologous chromosomes into independent gametes.

Amoeboid

Eukaryotic, no definite shape, lacks a cell wall, has membrane-bound organelles and is larger in size.

Bacteria

Prokaryotic, small rigid shape, has cell wall, no membrane-bound organelles.

Pseudopods

Projections used by amoeboids to trap food particles and engulf them into cytoplasm.

Hydrolysis

ATP is converted to ADP through this process.

Cellular Respiration

Made and used here in many reactions.

Cyclins/CDK

Bind at certain points to activate proteins that help advance the cell cycle past checkpoints.

PPP (Pentose Phosphate Pathway)

Helps prepare for DNA replication, makes NADPH, and makes ribose sugars for nucleotides.

Intermediate Compounds

Molecules formed between the start and end of a reaction, which can be used, converted, or recycled by the cell.