Apsc 451 next test

Tying Horses

What are the 2 ways to tie down a horse

To secure your horse with a trailer tie, follow these steps:
1. Close the divider before tying your horse in.
2. Attach the trailer tie to your horse’s breakaway halter.
3. Detach the lead rope.
• If you decide to use a lead rope to tie your horse in, follow
these steps:
1. Put the lead rope through the hook.
2. Lock the divider in place.
3. Tie the lead rope to the hook using a quick-release knot.
4. Leave two or three feet of slack.

What procedures take place before loading horses

certificate of veterinarian inspections

negative equine infectious anemia/coggins test

brand inspection test

other state specific requirements

what is the preparation for loading horse

• Find a trustworthy transport service
• Pick a transport option
• Check the trailer for damages
• Ensure service is prepared for mishaps
• Familiarize horse with the trailer
• Pack horse's needs
• Comfort horse before and after travel

when lading a hore you should use..

a ramp/step up t get horse inside

What are some behaviors and diseases horses might express when transported

anxiety, discomfort

colic (stress, dehydration, ulcers)

shipping fever

heat stroke

colitis
(stress/poor food + water intake/dietary changes/antibiotic
or anthelmintic treatment)

drivers operating livestock trailers must have a

cdl (commercial drivers license)

what are some vehicle requirements

gross vehicle weight rating

gross vehicle weight

electronic logging device (tracks route vehicle speed and more)

What are the types of vehicles / trailers used

bumper pull horse trailers

gooseneck

horse trailer with living quarters

What are some horse safety measures

adequate ventilation

temp control

secure and proper padding of the vehicle

be meticuluos when inspecting the trailer

what are spme meds horses are put on for transportation and what is the function

• Acepromazine: A rapid-acting tranquilizer used to
control fractious horses during examination,
treatment, trailer loading, and transportation. It
causes sedation, muscular relaxation, and reduced
activity.
• Detomidine: An α₂-adrenergic receptor agonist
providing sedation and analgesia. It’s commonly
used in horses and is available under various trade
names.
• Xylazine: A fast-acting sedative administered
intravenously or intramuscularly. It typically takes
effect within minutes and lasts approximately 20 to
30 minutes.
• Butorphanol: An opioid analgesic often combined
with sedatives like xylazine or detomidine to
enhance sedation and pain relief during

are horses typically medicated before they are transported

no, unless there is a specific need

What type of horses are the easiest to transport

Cold-blooded horses (draft horses)
are easier to transport than hot-
blooded horses (Thoroughbreds or
Arabians).
• The reason why is because cold-
blooded horses tend to have a
calmer, more docile temperament,
which would make them less likely to
become stressed or anxious during
loading and transportation
• Hot-bloods, however, are typically
more reactive and sensitive, which
makes it more challenging to load
and transport

Careers in the horse industry

How aree the horse careers categorized

• Primary industry
• Supplies/ Support industry
• Racehorse/ Show industry

describe the primary careers

Hands on: The primary
careers involve direct care,
health services, and
maintenance for horses.
 Work environments: clinics,
stables, farms, and private
practices
 Essential to all areas of the
horse industry: Health and
Maintenance

What careers are included in th primary industry

Veterinarian, farrier, equine trainer, equine therapist, horse breeder

describe the equine support and supplies industry

Essential Supplies and
Services: This sector supports
the performance and daily care
of horses through products.
 Work Environments: tack
shops, equipment production
facilities, commercial feed
manufacturers.
 Innovation and product
development: nutrition and gear

What careers are included in the equine support and supplies

commercial feed manufacturers, tack and equipment maker

what are some major feed manufacturers, and tack makers

purina mills, nutrena, triple crown nutrition, blue seal feeds

hermes (france)

stubben (germany)

Circle Y Saddles

what are some racehorse and show horse careers

jockey (horse riders)

equine racing chemist

Job search resources:
• Equilbase (www.equilbase.com) - Horse racing industry jobs and statistics
• The Jockey Club (www.jockeyclub.com) - Licensing and career info
• National Thoroughbred Racing Association (https://www.ntra.com/) - Industry Job postings
• Racing Officials Accreditation Program (http://www.horseracingofficials.com/) - Certification for
racing careers
• Equistaff (www.equistaff.com) – Equine professional job board
Networking and Professional Organizations:
• North American Jockeys Association (NAJA)
• American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA)
• American Farriers Association (AFA)
• Association of Racing Commissioners International (ARCI)
• American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP)
• Certified Horsemanship Association (CHA)

Biomechanics of movement

all movements require what

simultaneous contraction and relaxation of muscles

(many interactions between the nervous and muscular system)

how is action produced

each muscle is made out of what

thousands of muscle filaments

muscle contractions or relaxation are controlled by

nervous impulses recieved by the muscle filaments

what is acetylcholine (ACH)

a neurotransmitter

when a muscle contracts what does acetylocholine do

this neurotransmitter excites the muscle

what is th process of a muscle contraction

When a muscle contracts, acetylcholine (ACH),
a (neurotransmitter), excites the muscle cells
 Calcium ions are released and binds to troponin
 Actin and myosin (muscle proteins) binds
together to form bridges
 This causes the muscle to contract

When the calcium level drops and the muscle is
no longer excited by ACH, actin and myosin no
longer binds, and the muscle relaxes

What are the 3 factors contributing to the force a muscle generates

 1. Short periods of stimulation causing contraction
 Some force is taken up by overcoming elastic elements of the
tendons and other connective tissues
 2. Length of muscle when stimulated to contract
 Alters the relationship between actin and myosin. If the muscle
is stretched, number of bridges decrease resulting in less force
 3. Number of actin and myosin filaments acting
 The greater the number of filaments that are parallel, the
greater the force of contraction

ATP is derived from

nutrient metabolism

is carbon required for atp production

no, oxygen

When oxygen is available muscle contractionis called..

aerobic

when adequate oxygen is unavailable metabolic products are converted to lactic acid > ATP (which is called)

anaerobic

List and describe the 3 muscle fibers are associated with the athletic horses

 Type 1 – slow-twitch fibers (aerobic):
 Used during slow or light activity
 Type 11a – fast-twitch fibers (aerobic):
 Endurance fibers, used during aerobic work e.g. jogging or
long distance riding
 Type 11b – fast-twitch fibers (anaerobic):
 Speed or power fibers
 Used during strenuous anaerobic work; sprinting, jumping
or cutting

What cause muscle fatigue

was build up in muscle cells

what is required to relieve muscle fatigue

the removal of waste by blood

What is a way you can physically relielve muscle fatigue

hand rubbing muscle to stimulate blod vessles and allow blood flow

what is another thing that helps with muscle fatigue

feeding easily digestable carbs

true or false untrained horses get fatigued mor easily than a trained one

true

can a horse be worked until exhaustion

no

what is a by product of muscle contraction

heat

heast must be… to avoid excessive increase in core body temp

dissipated

how is heast dissipated

through sweating and air movement across the body and blood transport

during exercise in hot environments what happens

blood flow to the skin increases

if there is more blood going to the skin what happens

less blood is going to the muscles less oxygen going to muscle0

fluid losses also decreases the plasma volume

increased electrolye loss in sweat

what are electrolytes needed for

acid-base balance, fluid balance, mucle contraction and nerve function

What are the muscles involved in gait

flexors

extensors

abducctors

adductors

Function of flexor

decreases angle of joint

extensor function

increase angle of joint

abductors function

move limb away from the center plane of the horse

adductor function

to pull limbs toward the center plane of the horse

what is a gait

a horses way of moving its legs during progression

why is understanding gait important

to be able to determine lameness, to train performance horses, or signal a specific gait

true or false most gaits are learned but some are natural

false, most are natural some are learned

what are the 6 types of gaits

Historically there were six gaits (walk, trot, pace,
canter, run, back)

define beat

the time when a foot or two feet strike the groung simultaneously. (may or may not be evenly spaced.

define step

distance between imprints of the to front or two hind legs

define stride

distance between succeessive imprints of the same foot

what are the two phases of a stride

stride stance- weight bearing phase

stride suspension- non weight bering phase

the speed of a orse is determined by

length of stride

frequency of stride

overlap time (time on ground vs time off the ground)

directness

line in which foot is carried forward during stride

power

to create the stride

height

radius of arc created from point of the foots take off to its contact with the ground

spring

maner in which the weight settles back on the supporting leg at the end of the stride

regularity

rhythmic precision of each stride

balance

ability of the horse to coordinate action, go composed and remain in form

what are te four natural gaits

walk, trot, canter, gallop

describe walk

slow, even, four-beat gait. Sequence of beats
are considered lateral because both feet on one side
strike the ground before the feet on the other side

describe trot

two-beat gait with the diagonal fore and hind
legs acting together. There is a period of suspension
when all four feet are off the ground between each
beat

describe canter (lope)

three beat gait, more weight on its hind qaurters

gallop

fast four beat gait

pace

two beat lateral gait

slow gait (stepping pace)

lateral four beat gait done under restraint in showy animated fashion

rack

even, fast, flashy, four beat gait.

it displays speed and knee action.

hard on horse easy on rider

wha are some cons of the rack gait

increase concussion an trauma in the legs

running walk

fast walk of the Tennessee walking horse four beat lateral gait

back

when a horse backs (trotting in reverse) two beat gait in which the diagonal pairs work together

common gait defects

Forging
 Interfering
 Paddling
 Winding
 Scalping
 Speedy-cutting
 Cross-firing
 Pointing
 Dwelling
 Trappy
 Pounding
 Rolling
 Center of gravity

*Nutrient needs of a horse

feeds and feedstuff contain and essintial for growth reproduction and health of horse

energy and nutrients

nutrient deficiencies or excesses can led to

reduced growth and or disease

what feed ingredients are needed

carbs

lipids

protein

minerals

vitamins

water

most sources of energy and protein are

grains and roughages including pastures

horses require nutrients for..

maintenance; support digestive and metaboic process

additional nutrients are needed for

growth, work, reproduction, and lactation

horses daily ration

roughages

concentrates

list some roughages

hay, silage, and or pasture

concentrates

grains, which may have protein supplements, minerals, vitamins.

can also include bran, cane molasses, or dehydrated alfalfa

what are horses main energy source

carbs

true or false most nonstructural carbs are digested and absorbed in the hindgut

false, foregut

where do structural carbs ferment

in the hindgut

fermentation in the hindgutresults in the

production of volatile fatty acids

give an example of some volatile fatty acids

acetate, propionic, butyric, isobutyric, isovaleric valeric

true or false vfa is then absorbed and converted into energy

true

true or false fats have 2.25 times more energy per unit weight than carbs and protein

true

during intense exercise fat is

mobilized and converted to energy

fat should be rancid

false