5.1 ap world augh

What was the enlightenment?

The shift from tradition to reason and individualism over community values

Three ideals of the enlightenment movement?

Individualism, freedom, self -determination

What did the ideals of the enlightenment result in?

Challenged the role of monarchs and church leaders

and planted ideas of revolution in the United States, France, and all over the world.

Ideas from the __________ and ______________ and the ____________ resulted in enlightenment

scientific revolution, humanism, renassaince

Main thoughts and ideas of enlightenment thinkers

Enlightenment thought was optimistic, and many thinkers applied reason to natural laws, believing it to result in progress. People emphasized human accomplishments but didn't deny the existence of God. This led to the belief that natural laws governed the social and political aspects of life as well. New ideas also arose, such as socialism and liberalism.

The clash between new and old thinking led to revolutions that had two aims:

Independence from imperial powers and constitutional representation

What was nationalism and what caused it?

The breakup of empires and the emergence of new forms of government often caused nationalism, which is a feeling of loyalty to others who have a common language and culture.

What was empiricism and who emphasized it?

Francis Bacon emphasized empiricism, which was a belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience, and from what you observe through your experience, including through experiments.

Empiricism was based on _________________________ as opposed to ______________________________

conclusions on observations of natural data, reasoning about principles provided by tradition or religion.

What were social contracts?

When people gave up some rights to a strong government in exchange for law and order.

What did Thomas Hobbes believe?

Hobbes believed that people's natural state was to live in a bleak world in which life was nasty and short. He thought that for law and order to be established, people needed to give up some rights to their governments.

What did John Locke believe?

Locke argued that the social contract implied the right or even responsibility of citizens to rebel against a corrupt government. He believed that people had natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of property. He also proposed that a child was born a blank slate, and was ready to be filled up with knowledge.

Locke believed that __________ and ___________ were more important to someone than their _______________

education, environment, ancestors

Who were the Philosophes and what did they explore?

They were a new group of thinkers and writers who explored social, political, and economic theories in new ways. They popularized concepts that they felt followed rationally upon those of the scientific thinkers in the 1600s.

Baron Montesquieu

Enlightenment thinker who supported the idea of separation of powers, influenced the American system.

Voltaire

Advocated for civil liberties, appreciated constitutional monarchy, and campaigned for religious liberty and judicial reform in France. He is often quoted today, and influenced the US Constitution.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Expanded on the idea of the social contract, believed in child rearing and education. Presented the concept of the General Will of a population and the obligation of a sovereign to carry out that General Will. Inspired many other revolutionaries in the 1700s.

Adam Smith

Laissez-faire economics and capitalism, which many countries use today.

Thomas Paine

Advocated for freedom from Britain, wrote Common Sense, but anti-church writings damaged his popularity.

Laissez-faire

"Leave alone," governments should reduce their intervention in economic decisions. Smith believed that if businesses and consumers could make their own choices for their own interests, then the market would guide them to make choices that benefited society.

Capitalism

An economic system in which means of production are privately owned and are operated for profit.

Deists

Thinkers who reexamined the relationship between humans and God. They believed that a divinity put natural laws into motion and thought these laws could be best understood through scientific inquiry rather than the Bible. Many Deists viewed church attendance as a social obligation and a way to receive moral guidance.

Medieval Scholasticism

Used reason to defend faith, argued through writing and debating, relied on Aristotle, and used little experimentation. Representative thinker was St. Thomas Aquinas.

Renaissance Humanism

Wrote practical books (The Prince by Machiavelli), emphasized human achievement, and focused on secularism and the individual. Main thinkers were Erasmus and Mirandola.

Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

Emphasized the use of empirical data, believed in natural processes, rights, and reason, wanted new constitutions, supported religious tolerance, and wrote for the reading public. Main thinkers were Francis Bacon, Isaac Newton, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and the French philosophes.

What was life like for the poor at this time?

Poverty increased in cities and poor workers lived in slums without proper sanitation and political representation.

Conservatism

The belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories, such as the one of human perfectibility.

Socialism

An economic and political theory that refers to a system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production.

Utopian Socialism

People who felt that society could be channeled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities.

Henri de Saint-Simon

Utopian socialist that believed that scientists and engineers, working together with businesses, could operate clean places to work that produced useful things for society. He also advocated for public works that would provide employment, such as the Suez Canal in Egypt.

Charles Fourier

Utopian socialist who identified 810 passions that when encouraged, would make work more enjoyable and workers less tired. He believed that a fundamental principle of utopia was the harmonious living in communities rather than the class struggle.

Robert Owens

Established intentional communities, which were small societies governed by the principles of utopian socialism. He believed in education for children who worked, communal ownership of property, and community rules to govern work, education, and leisure time.

Fabian societies

Gradual socialists who favored reforming society by parliamentary means.

Classical liberalism

A belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches. Most classical liberals were professionals, writers, or academics.

What did classical liberals want in Parliament?

They wanted British Parliament to change in order to accommodate the changing population patterns so that new industrial cities would have equal parliamentary representation.

Olympe de Gouges

French journalist who demanded equal rights for women, and published the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen."

Mary Wollstronecraft

She thought that women should receive the same amount of education as males. She argued that universal education would prepare women to participate in political and professional society, making them less reliant on men.

Declaration of Sentiments

Women deserve the right to vote and hold office, hold property, manage their own incomes, and be the legal guardians of their children.

Abolitionism

The movement to end slavery

Why did slavery decline in many countries?

Because the slave trade was banned in many countries, eliminating the flow of slaves.

Why did Serfdom decline?

Because the economy became more industrial rather than agrarian, and peasant revolts pushed leaders towards reforms.

Zionism

The desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East.

Why did Jews want their own land to control?

Because they battled anti-semitism and pogroms, which were violent attacks against Jewish communities. Many European Jews decided that they couldn't live in peace and security without having their own land.

What was the Dreyfus Affair and what did it illustrate?

Alfred Dreyfus was a Jewish military officer in France, who was convicted of treason. The conviction was based solely on forged documents by people who were promoting anti-Semitism. Dreyfus was later pardoned after jail time, but this illustrated how widespread anti-Semitism was in France, even though it was a country where Jews seemed the least oppressed.

What were some obstacles Zionist faced before the establishment of Israel in 1948?

The land they wanted was controlled by the Ottoman Empire, and Palestinian Arabs were living there. Both the Ottomans and Palestinians were mostly Muslim, which added religion to the conflict.