A&P Test 1

Integumentary

Protects body, regulates temp. Structures: Skin, hair, nails, glands.

Skeletal

Support, protect, blood cell production. Structures: Bones, cartilage, ligaments.

Muscular

Movement, posture, heat. Structures: Muscles (skeletal, smooth, cardiac).

Nervous

Control, communication. Structures: Brain, spinal cord, nerves.

Endocrine

Regulates body via hormones. Structures: Glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal).

Digestive

Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients. Structures: Stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas.

Circulatory

Transports nutrients, oxygen, wastes. Structures: Heart, blood, blood vessels.

Lymphatic

Defense, fluid balance. Structures: Lymph nodes, spleen, lymph vessels.

Excretory

Removes wastes, balances fluids. Structures: Kidneys, bladder, ureters.

Reproductive

Produces gametes, offspring. Structures: Testes, ovaries, uterus.

Respiratory

Gas exchange (O₂ in, CO₂ out). Structures: Lungs, trachea, bronchi, diaphragm.

Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. Stimulus - change in environment (e.g., rise in body temp). Receptor - detects change (e.g., skin sensors). Control Center - processes info & decides response (e.g., brain/hypothalamus). Effector - carries out response (e.g., sweat glands, muscles). Response - returns body to balance (e.g., cooling through sweating).

Sagittal Plane

Divides body into left and right. Types: Midsagittal (median): Equal left & right halves; Parasagittal: Unequal left & right. Use: Brain scans, side view cuts, studying left vs right structures.

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Divides body into front (anterior) and back (posterior). Use: Chest X-rays, viewing heart/lungs, front vs back separation.

Transverse (Horizontal or Cross-Sectional) Plane

Divides body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior). Use: CT scans, looking at slices of brain/abdomen.

Oblique Plane

Any cut made at an angle (not straight sagittal, frontal, or transverse). Use: Special imaging, sports injuries, angled view of organs.