Virginia and United States History Review

Flashcards based on Virginia and United States History SOL Review notes.

What were the primary motivations for European settlement in the New England colonies?

Freedom of religion, particularly for the Puritans.

What document established direct democracy through town meetings in the New England colonies?

The Mayflower Compact.

What were the main economic drivers for settlement in the Southern colonies?

Economic opportunities, especially related to agriculture.

Who were the 'Cavaliers' in the context of early Southern colonies?

English nobility who received large land grants from the King of England.

Which groups primarily settled the Middle Atlantic colonies?

English, Dutch, and German-speaking immigrants.

What was a significant characteristic of the Middle Atlantic colonies regarding religion?

Religious freedom for various groups.

What was the primary function of indentured servants in the New World?

To work on tobacco plantations in exchange for passage to the New World.

What was the initial impact of European exploration on worldwide commerce?

Worldwide commercial expansion through the exchange of agricultural products between the Americas and Europe.

What political ideas arose from colonization that had long-term global impacts?

Ideas of representative government and religious tolerance.

What was a major consequence of English and Spanish settlement on American Indians?

Violent conflicts leading to loss of territories and susceptibility to European diseases.

How did French exploration in Canada differ in its interactions with native populations?

Relations were generally more cooperative, and there was no large-scale immigration from France.

What economic factor led to the introduction of slavery in the New World?

The growth of an agricultural economy based on large landholdings in the Southern colonies and the Caribbean.

When and where were the first Africans brought to the English colonies against their will?

Jamestown in 1619.

What was the Virginia Company of London's purpose in establishing Jamestown?

It was a business venture aimed at economic gain.

What is the modern equivalent of the Virginia House of Burgesses?

The General Assembly of Virginia.

What characterized economic and political institutions in the colonies?

They developed in ways that were either typically European or distinctively American.

What were the primary economic activities in the New England colonies?

Shipbuilding, fishing, lumbering, small-scale subsistence farming, and eventually manufacturing.

How did the Southern colonies make their money?

Large plantations with cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo) for sale to Europe. Inland involved small-scale subsistence farming, hunting, and trading.

What economic characteristic was common throughout the colonies?

A strong belief in private ownership of property and free enterprise.

What model of democracy was evident in the New England town meetings?

The 'Athenian' Direct Democracy model.

What rights influenced the democratic principles incorporated in the Middle Colonies?

The basic rights of Englishmen.

Which colony maintained stronger ties with Britain and had planters playing leading roles in colonial legislatures?

Southern Colonies.

What key event preceded the start of the American Revolution?

Skirmishes between the Minutemen and British troops at Lexington and Concord.

Who negotiated the Treaty of Alliance with France, aiding the colonial victory?

Benjamin Franklin.

Who provided critical leadership to the Continental Army, preventing its destruction?

George Washington.

What battle marked the end of the Revolutionary War and secured American victory?

The Battle of Yorktown, aided by the French.

What were the economic reasons for the emergence of slavery in the colonies?

Plantation economies and labor shortages, particularly in the Southern colonies.

What labor system was initially used in Virginia before large-scale slavery?

Indentured servitude, primarily by poor persons from England, Scotland, or Ireland.

What was the Middle Passage in the context of colonial history?

The route by which enslaved Africans were forcibly brought to the Southern colonies.

What impact did the slave-based agricultural economy have on the future of the country?

It eventually led to conflict between the North and South, culminating in the American Civil War.

When was the Great Awakening?

Mid-1700s.

What was a significant social impact of the Great Awakening?

Challenging the established religious and governmental orders.

How was New England's colonial society structured?

Based on religious standing, with the Puritans being increasingly intolerant of dissenters.

Which colony was founded by dissenters fleeing persecution by Puritans in Massachusetts?

Rhode Island.

What was a defining social characteristic of the Middle colonies?

Religious tolerance and more flexible social structures, leading to a developing middle class.

How was society structured in Virginia and the other Southern colonies?

Based on family status and land ownership, with large landowners dominating colonial government and society.

How did inland society differ from that in the lowlands in the Southern colonies?

It was characterized by small subsistence farms, hunters, and traders of Scots-Irish and English descent.

What new ideas developed during the Enlightenment?

Ideas about the rights of people and their relationship to their rulers.

What are the 'natural rights' according to John Locke?

Life, liberty, and property.

In Locke's view, where does original power reside?

In the people.

What's the purpose of government according to Locke's concept of a 'social contract'?

To protect the people's rights.

What right do the people have if the government becomes a threat to their natural rights?

The right to alter or overthrow the government.

Whose ideas is the Declaration of Independence based on?

Locke and Paine.

What are the three unalienable rights mentioned in the Declaration of Independence?

Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.

According to the Declaration, where does government derive its power?

From the consent of the governed.

What action does the Declaration say the people have the right to take if the government becomes destructive?

To alter or abolish it and institute new Government.

What are the three key principles to the Declaration of Independence?

Equality, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness.

What three groups were colonists divided into during the Revolution?

Patriots, Loyalists (Tories), and Neutrals.

Motivated by Locke and Paine, what did Patriots believe?

Complete independence from Britain.

Why did Loyalists remain loyal to Britain?

Because of cultural and economic ties; believed that taxation of the colonies was justified.

What consequences did the American Indians face during Westward Expansion?

Defeat in conflicts with settlers and soldiers and were forcibly removed from their ancestral homelands.

What were the impacts from the ideas of John Locke and Thomas Paine on the Declaration of Independence?

Justification of the Declaration of Independence.

Which English immigrant helped to grow sentiment for indepence with the pamphlet 'Common Sense'?

Thomas Paine.

What war was a product of the Anglo-French rivalry leading to conflict with the colonies?

French and Indian War.

What was the result of the French and Indian War?

The French were driven out of Canada and their territories west of Appalachian Mountains.

Which act prohibited settlement west of Appalachian Mountains after the French and Indian War?

Proclamation of 1763.

What party favored a strong central Government and supported economic development and public improvements?

Federalist.

What did Anti-Federalist fear?

A strong central government.

What did Chief Justice John Marshall's cases contribute to?

Mediate disagreements between branches of governments, levels of government and competing business interests.

What was a result of the Constitutional Convention?

Made federal law supreme and balanced power between large and small states.

In what ways did Congress balance power between large and small states?

Congress—2 Houses (Senate 2 per state; House based on population).

How did the Articles of Confederation give each state a vote?

Each state was given one vote regardless of size.

Who wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights?

George Mason.

What did the Virginia Declaration of Rights do?

Reiterated the notion that basic human rights should not be violated by governments.

Who wrote the Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom?

Thomas Jefferson.

What election was the first in which powers was peacefully transferred from one political party to another?

Election of Thomas Jefferson in 1800.

Who is considered the 'Father of the Constitution'?

James Madison.

What document did James Madison author from the Virginia Plan?

Three Branches of Government.

What factors fueled for the call for the declaration of the War of 1812?

British interference with American shipping and western Expansionism.

What contributed to American westward movement?

Thomas Jefferson purchased Louisiana Territory from France.

What did the Monroe Doctrine state?

American continents should not be considered for future colonization from Europe.

Who supported full equality for African Americans and encouraged the Federal Government?

Frederick Douglas.

What issues divided America in the first half of the 19th century?

Sectional Tensions.

Draw an east-west line in Louisiana and prohibit slavery above the line.

Missouri Compromise.

What compromise had California become a free state?

The Compromise of 1850.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act would appeal which compromise?

Missouri Compromise.

South Carolina argued states could nullify what?

Tariff of 1832 and other acts of Congress.

What slavery event had Harsh laws against fugitives?

Sectional Tensions over Slavery.

Lincoln argued what?

United be held together by force if necessary.

The Gettysburg Address said what?

Struggle to preserve a nation that was dedicated to the proposition that 'all men are created equal'.

What was President Lincolns view?

The US was one indivisible nation that had prevailed.

Reconstruction with stricter, more punitive measures.

Radical Republicans.

Served as president of Washington and Lee College, what was key to him?

Robert E. Lee emphasized importance of education to the nation's future.

Who advocated rights for freed man, opposing retribution directed at the defeated South?

Ulysses S. Grant.

Which era did the Compromise of 1877, open the door to?

Jim Crow Era.

What devastated the South, after the war?

Farms, railroads and factories were destroyed.

Who assumed non traditional role, managed homes and families with scarce resources?

Women.

What fueled the modern industrial economy?

Technological change spurred growth of industry primarily in northern cities.

The Supreme Court made what ruling regarding 'separate but equal'?

―Separate but equal‖ did not violate the 14th Amendment - upholding ―Jim Crow‖ laws.

Identify the following Industrial Leader: Steel.

Andrew Carnegie.

Identify the following Industrial Leader: Finance.

J.P. Morgan.

Name one of the Civil War Amendments that gave voting rights regardless of color.

15th Amendment.

What was the warfare like for common soldiers?

Involved hand-to-hand combat.

What did the Homestead Act of 1862 provide?

Free Public Land.

Where did most new Immigrants come from?

Came from Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, Hungary, Yugoslavia and Asia.

What Act limits Chinese Immigration in 1882?

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.

Name 2 large manufacturing cities.

Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh and New York.

Who believed the way to equality was through vocational education - economic success; he accepted social separation?

Booker T. Washington.

What Act expands Sherman Act; outlaws price-fixing; exempts unions from Sherman Act?

Clayton Anti-Trust Act.

The new deal what?

Changed role of government to more active participant.