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Depression
A mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness.
Chronic Depression
Long-term, ongoing depressive symptoms lasting years.
Pessimism
Tendency to expect negative outcomes in situations.
Worrying
Excessive concern about potential future problems.
Mood Normalcy
A brief period of stable emotional state.
Interpretation of Events
How depression alters perception of experiences.
Self-Perception
View of oneself influenced by depressive feelings.
Social Perception
How depression affects views of others.
Decision-Making Difficulty
Challenges in making choices due to depression.
Emotional Exhaustion
Fatigue resulting from prolonged depressive episodes.
Metaphor of Falling
Describes the overwhelming nature of depression.
Impact on Fun
Reduced ability to enjoy activities due to depression.
Emotion
Acute psychological response to specific stimulus.
Mood
Emotional state independent of stimuli.
Trait/Temperament
Stable pattern of emotional response over time.
Anhedonia
Inability to experience pleasure, major depression symptom.
Dysphoria
Generalized dissatisfaction, major depression symptom.
Unipolar Disorder
Mood disorder without manic episodes.
Bipolar Disorder
Mood disorder with manic and depressive episodes.
Mania
Elevated mood state in bipolar disorder.
Euthymia
Normal, stable mood state.
Hypomania
Mildly elevated mood, less severe than mania.
Cyclothymia
Chronic mood disorder with hypomanic and depressive symptoms.
Bipolar I Disorder
At least one full manic episode required.
Bipolar II Disorder
Hypomanic and major depressive episodes.
Average Age of Onset (Bipolar I)
Typically around 18 years.
Average Age of Onset (Bipolar II)
Typically mid-20s.
Cyclothymic Disorder Duration
Symptoms must last at least 2 years.
Genetic Factors
Heritable risk factors for mood disorders.
Serotonin Transporter Gene
Genetic risk associated with depression.
Chronic Stress
Later causal factor in mood disorders.
Mood Map
Charting mood history to diagnose disorders.
Cognitive Model
Beck's theory on depression's cognitive aspects.
Common Health Searches
Depression is most searched health topic online.
Antidepressant Medications
Second most prescribed drug class.
Mood States Range
Includes depression, euthymia, hypomania, mania.
Suicide Risk
Common consequence of bipolar disorder.
Female Prevalence
Mood disorders are more common in women.
Prognosis
Prediction of disease outcome for individuals.
Mania
Elevated mood with increased activity or energy.
Pressured Speech
Rapid, urgent, and excessive talking.
Goal-Directed Behavior
Increased engagement in purposeful activities.
Psychomotor Agitation
Restlessness or excessive movement.
Grandiosity
Inflated self-esteem or unrealistic beliefs.
Racing Thoughts
Rapidly shifting ideas and thoughts.
Hypomania
Milder form of mania lasting at least 4 days.
Manic Episode
Severe mood disturbance lasting at least 1 week.
Symptoms Count
3+ symptoms for mania, 4 if irritable.
Bipolar I Prevalence
Lifetime 1.0%, 12-month 0.6%.
Bipolar II Prevalence
Lifetime 1.1%, 12-month 0.8%.
Sub-threshold Bipolar Disorder
Lifetime 2.4%, 12-month 1.4%.
Rapid Cycling
4+ mood episodes within 12 months.
Kindling Hypothesis
Easier to trigger episodes after prior ones.
Suicide Risk
25-50% attempt suicide; higher during depressive episodes.
Twin Studies
Identical twins show higher bipolar concordance.
Prefrontal Cortex
Increased ventrolateral, decreased dorsolateral activity.
Lithium Treatment
50% response rate; serious kidney side effects.
Anticonvulsants
Depakote and Tegretol as alternative treatments.
Atypical Antipsychotics
Used for managing bipolar disorder symptoms.
CBT
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for monitoring and restructuring.
Family-Focused Therapy
Psychoeducation and communication skills training.
Symptoms of Mania
Euphoric mood, decreased sleep, racing thoughts.
Symptoms of Depression
Low mood, appetite changes, loss of energy.
Communication Enhancement Training
Active listening and feedback delivery skills.
Problem-Solving Skills Training
Identifying and addressing interpersonal issues.
Women and Mood Disorders
Women diagnosed twice as often as men.
Depression
A mood disorder requiring life experience for diagnosis.
Elderly Diagnosis
Difficult due to symptom overlap with dementia.
Somatic Symptoms
Physical symptoms reflecting mood disorders across cultures.
Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA)
Real-time sampling of thoughts and emotions in context.
Digital Mental Health
Technology use to enhance mental health treatment.
Social Media Impact
Effects on mental health can be positive or negative.
Social Connectedness
Increased through social media usage.
Empathic Concern
Greater understanding of others' feelings via technology.
Perspective Taking
Ability to understand different viewpoints, enhanced online.
Access to Information
Improved through digital platforms for mental health.
Internet Gaming Disorder
Pattern of gaming behavior affecting daily activities.
Correlation vs Causation
Challenges in linking social media use to mental health.
Protective Factors
Online communities providing peer support for mental health.
Privacy Issues
Concerns about confidentiality in teletherapy and apps.
Algorithmic Influences
AI can amplify mental distress through content feeding.
AI Bias
Results from the data used to train algorithms.
Regulatory Guidelines
Proposed rules for social media platform usage.
Personalized Interventions
Tailored digital treatments for individual mental health needs.
VR-Based Treatments
Virtual reality applications for mental health therapy.
Just in Time Adaptive EMA
Real-time assessment for posttraumatic psychopathology.
FOMO
Fear of missing out, affecting self-esteem.
Cyberbullying
Harassment through digital platforms impacting mental health.
Misinformation
False information spread online affecting mental well-being.
Copycat Effects
Imitating behaviors seen online, pathologizing normal actions.
Sleep Disruption
Negative impact of technology on sleep patterns.
Policy Implications
Considerations for ethical technology use in mental health.
Beck's Cognitive Triad
Negative views of self, world, and future.
Dysfunctional Beliefs
Negative beliefs formed from critical incidents.
Negative Automatic Thoughts (NATs)
Thoughts arising from activated negative core beliefs.
Cognitive Distortions
Errors in thinking increasing depression vulnerability.
Mindreading
Assuming others' negative thoughts without evidence.
Catastrophizing
Exaggerating the importance of negative events.
All-or-Nothing Thinking
Viewing situations in black-and-white extremes.
Emotional Reasoning
Believing emotions reflect reality without challenge.
