Western Civilization II Final Exam Vocabulary

Flashcards covering key vocabulary from Western Civilization II lecture notes.

Romanticism

Reaction against industrialization, rationalism, and enlightenment, celebrating emotion, nature, and the spiritual.

William Blake and John Keats

Poets known for celebrating emotion and nature.

The Angelus

Painting by Millet capturing Romanticism with nature and spiritual themes.

Monk by the Sea

Painting by Casper David Friedrich illustrating vastness and the meditative/spiritual life.

Liberty Leading the People

Painting by Eugene Delacroix showcasing the power of emotions and growing nationalism.

Beethoven

Composer known for music with an explosion of emotion and folk influences.

Idealism

Philosophical shift away from rationalism.

Kant

Enlightenment thinker emphasizing the limitations of human reason; knowledge through divine, faith, or intuition.

Hegel

Philosopher known for developing a philosophy of history; history progresses to ultimate universal mind.

Conservatism

Movement reacting to the French Revolution and Napoleon's rise, led by victorious powers like Austria, Prussia, and Britain.

Congress of Vienna

Meeting to restore European monarchies post-Napoleon and remove threats of liberal ideas and nationalism.

Clements von Metternich

Austrian diplomat advocating for re-cementing monarchy and balance of powers to prevent new Napoleons.

King Louis XVIII

Bourbon King brought back to France with limited power, checked by a charter.

Burke

Early father of 19th-century conservatism.

Holy Alliance

Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and established order.

Quadruple Alliance

Coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain to form boundaries and ensure stability.

Concert of Europe

Effort to suppress liberal ideas from the French Revolution and nationalism.

Charles X

Successor of Louis XVIII who implemented stronger conservative laws, angering the French people.

Ancien Regime

Parallels the French Revolution, calls to reform and challenge conservatism.

Greek Rebellion

Rebellion among Greeks against the Ottoman Empire, supported by Russians, French, and British.

Liberalism

Celebration of individual freedom and limited government restrictions, morphing with industrialization.

House of Commons

British parliamentary body representing wealthy merchants/Bourgeoisie, where liberalism began to take root.

Reform Bill of 1832

Small steps in reform, like redistribution of seats and expansion of suffrage with property restrictions.

John Stuart Mill

Philosopher advocating for self-protection and minimal interference, undoing censorship.

Suffrage

The right to vote for all, leading to calls for social equality and socialism.

Chartists

Movement demanding universal suffrage and an end to property restrictions.

Socialism

Ideas promoting greater social equality and economic cooperation.

Utopian Socialism

Early socialist calls for reform.

Robert Owen

Utopian socialist who wanted utopian factory communities with better wages, less hours, and more education.

July Revolution (Revolution of 1830)

Charles X's conservatism led to this, where he fled and a new government was created.

Louis Philippe

New monarchy in France following Charles X, advocating for limited/constitutional monarchy.

Revolution of 1848

Working class in Paris demanded socialist reforms, which removed the limited monarchy and Charles X.

Second French Republic

Established after the 1848 revolution, led by Louis Napoleon, who later seized power as emperor.

1848

The year of widespread revolutions across Europe.

Uprising in Vienna, Austria (1848)

Reform Hapsburgs under greater limitations, but Russia helped them regain power.

Uprising in Prussia & Berlin (1848)

Competing religious ideas amid calls for unification of all Germans with Prussia as head.

Italy (1848)

Italians wanted a break from Hapsburgs and Russia, liberalism/nationalism defining factors.

Nationalism

Nation defined by people with shared history, language, and culture, contrasting with royal family-defined subjects.

Emperor Napolean III

Manipulated to be hereditary power, harnessing French nationalism.

Crimean War

Conflict where France opposed Russia, aiming to check Russian power in the Mediterranean.

Franco-Austrian War (1859)

War where France helped Piedmont-Sardinia defeat Austria, but Piedmont gained more control than Napoleon wanted.

Piedmont Sardinia

Italian state seeking independence from Austrian control.

Franko-Prussian War 1870

Prussia defeated France, leading to Napoleon's capture.

Cavour

Mastermind of Italian unification under Piedmont Sardinia.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Led uprising in Southern Italy and submitted to Piedmont Sardinia to prioritize Nationalism.

King Victor Emmanuel

Unification of Northern & Southern Italy into single state under Piedmont Sardinia.

Bismarck

Prussian chancellor who defined Germany by autocratic regime and wanted Prussia as head.

King Wihelm I

Together with Bismark, they have the ambition to make Prussia the center of United German state.

Blood and Iron

Bismarck's policy for unifying Germany through conflict and military/industrial build-up.

Franco-Prussian War

Conflict leading to German unification and French defeat.

Schleswig & Holstein

Next to Denmark and Bismarck formed an al liance with Austria to seize these colonies from Denmark.

Prussia vs. Denmark (1864)

Bismark wants to gain control of Schleswig & Holstein.

7 Weeks Wars

Austria vs. Prussia over who is dominate influencing power in Europe.

Ems Dispatch/Telegram

Bismarck's manipulated telegram provoking France.

Emperor Wihelm of German Empire

Growing influence of 19th century Nationalism.

India

Britain takes direct interest of India and transforms it into crown jewel colony for British Empire.

Sepoy Rebellion

Indian uprising against British colonial rule and its indirect/powerful influence.

Opium War (1839-1841)

War between Britain and China over opium trade.

Open Door Policy

Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China which reaffirmed the principle that al l countries should have equal access to trade with China

Japan

doors busted open in isolation by U.S Navy wanting to trade.

Russo-Japanese War

Conflict showcasing Japan's modernization and military success.

Suez Canal

dramatical ly cuts down time to travel from Mediterranean to East Asia, enhancing trade.

Berlin to Baghdad Railroad

Railroad line made by Germans to try and form ties with Ottomans to compete with British's Suez Canal.

Africa

Competition in early nation states.

Berlin Conference

1844 meeting to regulate European colonization in Africa.

Darwin

"Origin of Species" "Descent of Man" - true Baconian principles.

Social Darwinism

Application of Darwin's theories and believe that certain groups within human species develop traits to be superior to other humans.

Rhodes

believed that Brits are best and best for human society.

Antisemitism

Prejudice against Jewish people and tendency to treat them as 2nd class citizens.

Nietzsche

Philosopher chal lenging rationalism and promoting individual 's wil l to establish power over others; nihilism/irrationalism.

Rerum Novarum (Concerning New Things)

Papal encyclical by Pope Leo XIII addressing issues arising from industrialization.

Reform Bill of 1862

Expanded voting rights in Britain, lowering electoral standards.

Parliamentary Reform Act of 1911

movement towards democracy and strips aristocrats from a lot of their power.

Paris Commune

city of Paris attempts to run itself as separately from rest of France.

Kulturkampf

"culture struggle" and Bismarck's attack on the Catholic Church in Germany.

Wihelm II

interested in trying to compete with Britain on the water.

Austro-Hungarian Empire

control led whole slew of ethnic groups and peoples.

Triple Alliance

Military al liance of Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Italy.

Triple Entente

Al liance of France, Britain, and Russia.

Regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Russia as big brother to Serbia and Bulkan region and tensions rise between Russia and Austro-Hungarians

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke and heir to Austrian throne and is assassinated in 1914

Allies (Triple Entente)

France, Britain, Russia, and Italy joins

Central Powers

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Turks

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's strategy to quickly defeat France and then go to Russia since they are slow to mobilize their massive numbers

First Battle of the Marne

1914 Germans were stopped by Al lies (British and French) and drove them back, therefore Germans did not succeed

Ugliness of WWI

stalemate and countries are exhausted; present version of war that wasn't expected

Battle of Verdun

1916 grand effort of Germans launching assault on the Al lies and resulted in 300,000 losses (French win)

Battle of the Somme

1916 French and British attack Germany, and 800,000+ casualties (Al lies win).

Outbreak of Bolshevik Revolution

1917 Russia's withdrawal from WWI and U.S enters into war and sympathizes with Al lies and brings tensions between U.S. and Germans

2nd Battle of the Marne

Germans hope to blow France and Britain but are unsuccessful

Treaty of Versailles

1919 treaty imposing heavy reparations/burden on Germany as they're responsible for war and would have to give up a lot of territory

League of Nations

International organization aimed at maintaining peace going forward

Interwar Period

1915-1944 development of new regimes in Europe

Joseph Stalin

Leader of the Soviet Union post-Lenin, promoting communism

Benito Mussolini

Italian dictator and gives rise to Fascism through propeganda and thug tactics

Fascism

militarism and ultra-nationalism

dissatisfaction in Germany that leads to Totalitarian Regime

territories were taken from it

Weimar Republic

liberal and democratic regime, but struggles disastrously and leads to rise of Hitler and his Nazi regime

Hitler's "Mein Kampf"

Hitler's book articulating Nazi ideology and what wil l become his regime

Joseph Goebbels (1897-1945)

Propaganda minister of Nazi Germany; encouraged the production of documentaries & feature films that carried the Nazi message