chapter 1 - organization of the body

What is anatomy?

Anatomy=architecture

Study of body structure

What it is, where it is, what it looks like

What is physiology?

Physiology=performance

Study of body function

How it works and what it does

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

One is structure (what it is) and one is function (what it does).

How are structure and function related?

The structure (what it is, where it is, what it looks like) of a body part helps determine its function (what it can do and how it works).

What are the 6 levels of organization in correct order from simplest to most complex?

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

What is the basic structural and functional unit of life?

A cell

What is a tissue?

Groups of similar cells working together.

What are the 4 major tissue types?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

What is an organ?

Two or more tissue types working together.

What is an organ system?

Multiple organs working together.

What are the 11 major organ systems?

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic/immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

What is the primary function of the integumentary system?

Protection

What does the skeletal system do?

Support and protection

What is the difference between the nervous and endocrine systems?

Nervous = fast, rapid communication

Endocrine = slow, hormonal communication

What does the cardiovascular system transport?

Blood, oxygen, nutrients, and waste

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

Gas exchange (load oxygen into blood)

What does the digestive system do?

Digestion and nutrient absorption

What does the urinary system do?

Waste removal and regulation of water/chemicals

What is the purpose of the reproductive system?

Reproduce

What does the lymphatic/immune system do?

Defense and fluid balance

What is homeostasis?

Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment.

Does homeostasis mean the body never changes?

No, the body fluctuates. Constant adjustments are made to keep the body within appropriate range.

What is negative feedback?

Negative feedback = brakes

Reverses the original change.

Why is negative feedback important?

To maintain a stable environment.

What is an example of negative feedback?

Body temperature ⬆

Sweating ⬆

Body temperature ⬇

What is positive feedback?

Positive feedback = accelerator

Amplifies the original change.

How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?

Positive amplifies, less common.

Negative reverses, most common.

What is an example of positive feedback?

Contractions during childbirth.

What is metabolism?

All chemical reactions in the body.

What are the two major types of metabolic reactions?

Anabolism and catabolism

What does anabolism do?

Anabolism = assemble

It turns smaller molecules into larger molecules (build).

What does catabolism do?

Catabolism = cut

Breaks larger molecules into smaller molecules.

Which major metabolic reaction generally requires energy?

Anabolism

Catabolism releases energy.

What is cell differentiation?

A process in which an unspecialized cell becomes a specialized cell.

What is a specialized cell?

Specialized cells have specific structures and functions.

What is a stem cell?

An unspecialized cell.

What are two important abilities of stem cells?

They can divide to produce more cells and can differentiate into certain specialized cell types.

Why are stem cells important?

Important for growth, development, and tissue repair.

Stem cell

⬇

Cell division

⬇

Differentiation

⬇

Specialized cell

⬇

Specific function

What happens to a cell during differentiation?

Goes from unspecialized to specialized.

Can all stem cells differentiate into every type of cell?

No, the types of cells they can become depend on the stem cells development.

What are the two major body-fluid compartments?

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

What does intracellular mean?

Fluid inside cells

Intra = inside

What does extracellular mean?

Fluid outside cells

Extra = outside

What is interstitial fluid?

One of extracellular fluid. It surrounds cells. Tissue cells are directly exposed to it.

Where is plasma found?

Plasma is the fluid portion of blood. Found inside blood vessels. Another ECF!

What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and where is it located?

Fluid that surrounds brain and spinal cord. Another ECF!

What is synovial fluid and what is its function?

It lubricants synovial joints. Another ECF!

If a substance is located in the fluid surrounding a tissue cells, is it ICF or ECF? If ECF, what specific type of ECF is it?

ECF (extracellular fluid)

Interstitial fluid

Which two systems largely regulate homeostasis?

Nervous and endocrine

What is a feedback system?

Helps maintain homeostasis by responding to changes.

What does a receptor do?

It is the detective. It detects a change.

What does a control center do?

It is the judge. Receives information and determines the response.

What does an effector do?

It is the warden. Carries out the response.

What is the primary feedback pathway?

Something’s wrong

⬇

Receptor

⬇

Control center

⬇

Effector

⬇

Response

Why must positive feedback have a stopping mechanism?

Because amplification could continue indefinitely.

What is homeostatic imbalance?

Homeostatic mechanisms fair to maintain internal conditions within appropriate range.

What is anatomical position?

Standard reference position used to describe locations of body structures. Directional terms are based on this reference position.

How is the body positioned in anatomical position?

Standing upright and facing forward

Arms at sides

Palms facing forward

Feet pointing forward

What is the difference between supine and prone?

Supine = staring at stars

On back, facing up

Prone = face down

On stomach, facing down

What does superior mean?

Toward head/above/up

Also known as cephalic or cranial

What does inferior mean?

Toward feet/below/down

Also known as caudal

What does anterior mean?

Toward front of body

Also known as ventral

What does posterior mean?

Toward back of body

Also known as dorsal

What does medial mean?

Toward midline

What does lateral mean?

Away from midline

What does proximal mean?

Closer to point of limb attachment

What does distal mean?

Farther from point of limb attachment

What does intermediate mean?

Between two structures.

A, B, C

B is intermediate

What is the difference between ipsilateral and contralateral?

Ipsilateral = same side of body

Contralateral = opposite side of body

Where is the antecubital region?

Front/inside crease of elbow (where blood is drawn)

What is the radius?

One of two forearm bones.

Radius = thumb side

Is the radius proximal or distal to the elbow? Why?

Distal because it is farther from point of limb attachment compared to the elbow.

What is the sagittal plane?

Divides left/right portions

What is the sagittal plane?

Divides left/right portions

What is the midsagittal plane?

Also known as median.

Divides equal left/right portions

What is a parasagittal plane?

Divides unequal left/right portions

What is a transverse/horizontal plane?

Divides superior/inferior portions

What is an oblique plane?

Passes through body at an angle

What is the difference between a plane and a section?

Plane - imaginary flat surface along which body can be divided.

Section - actual cut/portion produced by a plane.

Plane = plane where to cut

Section = slice you get

What are the body cavities and why are they important?

Spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs.

What are the cranial and vertebral cavities and what does each contain?

Cranial: located within school and contains brain.

Vertebral: located within vertebral column and contains spinal cord.

What does the diaphragm separate?

The thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.

What structures are found in the thoracic cavity?

Lungs, heart, thymus, trachea, and esophagus.

What is the mediastinum and what structures does it contain?

It’s the central area between the lungs.

It contains heart, thymus, trachea, and esophagus.

Located in the thoracic cavity.

What is the pericardial cavity and what does it surround?

Located in the thoracic cavity and specifically located in the media sternum.

Surrounds the heart.

What are the pleural cavities and what do they surround?

Located in the thoracic cavity, there are two of them and each one contains a lung.

Where are the stomach, liver, and small intestine located?

In the abdominopelvic cavity, specifically the abdominal cavity.

Where is the urinary bladder located?

In the abdominopelvic cavity, specifically the pelvic cavity.

What organ extends through both the abdominal and pelvic cavities?

The large intestine.

What is the thymus and where is it located?

An organ involved in immune system.

Located in the thoracic cavity, specifically the mediastinum.

What is the difference between the trachea and esophagus?

Trachea: windpipe, carries air towards lungs.

Esophagus: carries food from throat toward stomach.