Nutrition Exam 1

What macromolecule is responsible for tissue building?

Protein

How much energy does protein provide?

4 kcal/g

How much energy do lipids provide?

9 kcal/g

How much energy do carbs provide?

4 kcal/g

Define a kcal/Calorie

Heat to raise 1 kg of water by 1ºC

What regulates metabolism?

Vitamins and Minterals

Is term describes a persons nutrition with adequate and balanced macros and micros?

Optimal Nutrition

What is it called when a persons nutrition causes a specific disease (reserves are gone and blood levels are very low)?

Deficiency

What are the 2 types of Malnutrition?

undernutrition and overnutrition

What is it called when reserves are low causing some dysfunction?

Insufficiency

What is the AMDR of Carbs?

45-65%

What is the AMDR of Lipids?

20-35%

What is the AMDR for proteins?

10-35%

What DRI indicates the levels needed to meet the need of 50% of the population?

EAR

What DRI indicates the level needed to meet the need of 97.5% of the population?

RDA

What is the RDA of carbs?

130 g/day

What is the RDA of proteins?

0.8 g/kg of body weight

What DRI is based of observational evidence?

AI

What DRI is the highest level before toxicity?

UL

Who regulated pesticides and water quality?

EPA

Who is the main food regulatory agency?

FDA

Who regulates meat, poultry, and eggs?

USDA

Who regulates seafood and fisheries?

NOAA

Who regulates advertising and labels?

FTC

What is the safe internal cooking temperature for cuts of beef, pork, and fish?

145ºF

What is the safe internal cooking temperature for ground meats?

160ºF

What is the safe internal cooking temperature for poultry?

165ºF

When did the food nutrition label become required?

1994

When does the %DV become high?

20% or higher

When does the %DV become low?

5% or lower

What type of label claim indicates that a food or ingredient has been shown to decrease risk of specific disease?

Health

What type of label claim refers to specific quantity of nutrient in food?

Nutrient content

What type of label claim states nutrients effects on normal structres?

Structure function

What 5 things are not allowed when labeling a food as organic?

1. Transgenic modification

2. antibiotics

3. synthetic fertilizers

4. Growth hormone

5. Ionizing radiation

Where are most organic foods consumed in the US grown?

Central and South America

Wha type of food processing occurs in foods that are cleaned, peeled, pasteurized, etc?

Minimally processed

What type of food processing occurs in food with added sugar, salt, or fat?

Processed

What type of food processing occurs in foods that contain other additives?

Ultra-processed

What type of genetic engineering involves insertion of a specific gene? Does it require safety testing?

Transgenic; yes

What type of genetic engineering involves gene knock out? Does it require safety testing?

RNA Interference; No

What type of food additive prevents separation? Example?

Emulsifier; Lecithin

What type of food additive prevents spoilage by altering water activity? Examples?

Preservatives; BHA, BHT, EDTA, Citric acid

What type of food additive retains moisture? Example?

Humectans; Glycerine

Ammonium sulfate is what type of food additive?

Dough conditioner

Calcium silicate is what type of food additive?

Anti-caking

Pectin is what type of food additive?

Thickener

Baking Soda is what type of food additive?

Leavening

Olestra, Starch, and gums are what type of food additive?

Fat Replacer

Calcium chloride is what type of food additive?

Firming agent

Annatto is what type of food additive?

Color

HFCS and Sucrose are what type of food additive?

Sweetener

Gelatin is what type of food additive?

Stabilizer

Lactic Acid is what type of food additive?

pH controler

MSG is what type of food additive?

Flavor enhancer

Process verification, Organic foods, and bioengineered foods are all regulated by what organization?

USDA

Irradiation and Gluten-free foods are regulated by what organization?

FDA

Who regulates the Cage-free label?

Humaine Farm Animal Care

Who regulates that Grass Fed label?

American Grass Fed Association

What does "Natural" mean as a front of package label?

No synthetic or artificial ingredients

Genetically engineered food must be nutritionally _________ to the conventional version.

Identical

Does GMO project verified mean that the food Does or does not contain GMOs?

Does not contain GMOs

What is the typical food and fat in Chinese culture?

Stir fry veggies; peanut oil

What is the typical food and fat in Japanese culture?

Steamed veggies; soybean oil

What is the typical food and fat in italian culture?

pasta and cheese; olive oil

What is the typical food and fat in Greek culture?

Lamb; Olive oil

What is the typical food and fat in Mexican culture?

Beans; Lard

What is the typical food and fat in Puerto Rican culter?

Beans and rice; lard

What is the typical food and fat in African American culture?

Corn and pork; lard

What is the typical food and fat in French/Cajun culture?

Crawfish and pralines; poultry fat

What foods are voided in Jewish religion?

Birds of prey, pork, rabbit, and shellfish

In what religion are meat and milk not eaten at the same meal?

Jewish

What foods are avoided in Muslim religion?

alcohol, birds of prey, pork

What type of amino acids cannot be made in the body?

Indispensable

What type of amino acids are made from indispensable amino acids?

Conditionally indispensable

What type of amino acids can be made by our bodies?

Dispensable

What would cause a positive nitrogen balance?

Growth, pregnancy, muscle building, healing

What would cause a negative nitrogen balance?

Illness, cancer, starvation, burns

What are the 6 functions of proteins?

1. Tissue building

2. Transporters

3. Metabolism

4. Energy

5. Fluid/pH balance

6. Immunoglobulin

What 4 ways do we measure the quality of proteins and when are they used?

1. PDCAAS - gold standard

2. DIAAS - starting to lean toward

3. PER - age 0-1

4. BV - Age 1-4

Where do we get complete proteins from?

Animals, soy, quinoa, amaranth

What deficiency results in emaciation?

Marasmus

What deficiency results in edema?

Kashiorkor

How many amino acids are missing in incomplete proteins?

1 or more

What amino acid(s) are missing in Legumes?

Methionine

What amino acid(s) are missing in corn?

Lysine and tryptophan

What amino acid(s) are missing in wheat and rice?

Lysine

What are complementary proteins?

2 proteins that when put together form a complete protein by having all of the indispensable amino acids

What are the 3 functions of lipids?

1. Secondary energy source

2. Mouthfeel

3. Important for CNS

What are the 2 categories of fats? (look)

Visible and invisible

What synthetic fat replacer did we discuss in class?

Olestra

What are the 4 natural fat replacers we discussed in class?

Carageenan, Algal Polysaccharides, cellulose, and gums

Where do Carageenan and Algal Polysaccharides come from?

Seaweed

What do gums do?

Thicken and add cling

What are the 2 functions of carbs?

Spare protein and energy

What is natural sugar? What is added sugar?

Natural - nature put it there

Added - people put it there

What is the dietary recommendation when it comes to added sugar?

<10% of daily energy should come from added sugar

What is starch made of?

Amylose and amylopectin

In what foods do we find insoluble fiber?

Cellulose and Lignin

Where do we find soluble fiber?

Pectins - in fruit

Mucilages - water binder in seeds

Beta-glucans - bile acid binder

What type of starch is higher in amylopectin?

Waxy