IS LAB: VIRAL DISEASES

DENGUE FEVER

Most common and important arthropod-borne viral disease in human.

FLAVIVIRIDAE

Dengue fever is caused by a virus from ____ and a mosquito borne

4-10 DAYS

Incubation period for dengue fever

2-7 DAYS

Symptoms usually last ____

FEBRILE PHASE

Dengue fever phase: High grade fever and typically lasts 2-7 Days. Accompanied by severe headache and retro orbital pain.

SEVERE ARTHRALGIAS SEVERE MYALGIAS MACULAR RASH

The following can be observed in febrile phase of dengue fever: SSM

PETACHIAE PURPURA BLEEDING GUMS EPISTAXIS HEMATURIA POSITIVE TOURNIQUET TEST

MINOR HEMORRHAGIC MANIFESTATIONS OF DENGUE FEVER: PPBEHP

DEFERVESCENCE

As the patient reach late days of Febrile phase, the fever drops/subside and known as ______

SEVERE ABDOMINAL PAIN

MUCOSAL BLEEDING

DIFFICULTY BREATHING

PROGRESSIVE INCREASE IN HEMATOCRIT DUE TO HEMOCONCENTRATION

In some patients, warning signs and symptoms may be observed after defervescence. These may occur as; SMDP

CRITICAL PHASE

Begins after defervescence and typically lasts 24-48 hours. Patient with considerable plasma leakage can develop dengue within a few hours.

SADDLEBACK FEVER

_________ re-appearance of fever during the critical phase

HEMATEMESIS

GI BLEEDING

HEMATURIA

Severe hemorrhagic manifestations also manifest during this phase; HGH

CONVALESCENT PHASE

Blood volume tends to stabilize due to reabsorption of extravasated fluid into the blood stream. Hematocrit stabilizes (or may fall in some cases due to dilutional effect of reabsorbed fluid)

AEDES AEGYPTI

The dengue virus is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female mosquitoes, primarily the ______ mosquito

4-5 DAYS

An individual with dengue can transmit the virus for about ____

IMMUNE SYSTEM

LIVER

ENDOTHELIAL LINING OF BLOOD VESSELS

Three major organ systems affected by dengue fever

DENGUE NS1

This is a protein which is secreted into the blood during dengue infection.

ACUTE PHASE

Dengue NS1 is detectable during _____ of dengue virus infection

7 DAYS

NS1 is not recommended for testing after ____

POSITIVE IGM

Classified as presumptive, recent dengue virus infection

NEGATIVE IGM

Results after 7 days of symptoms, and absent or negative NAAT or NS1 are classified as negative for recent infection.

CURRENT DENGUE INFECTION

patients with a change from negative to positive IgM results in paired samples (first sample collected in first 7 days of illness), and (second sample after symptoms subside) are classified as

UNCONFIRMED CASES

Patient with negative IgM results before 8 days of illness and absent or negative NAAT or NS1 results are considered

RECENT WEEKS

Positive IgM and IgG tests for dengue antibodies detected in an initial blood sample mean that it is likely the person became infected with dengue virus within

NUCLEIC ACID AMPLIFICATION TEST

Preferred method for diagnosis of dengue fever that provides serotype information.

REAL TIME REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

to detect viral genomic material. This must be done within the first week of symptom onset.

DETECTION OF NS1 ANTIGEN BY IMMUNOASSAYS

another reliable method of diagnosis and it also must be done within the first week of illness

IGM TEST

4 days after symptom onset

NS1 IGM

NAAT

patients present within the first week after symptom onset ___ and ___ should be done.

IGG

not useful in diagnosing a present infection

THROMBOCYTOPENIA

LEUKOPENIA

MILD TO MODERATE ELEVATION OF ALT/AST

Laboratory findings: Dengue Fever: TLM

INCREASE HCT

HYPOPROTEINEMIA

PROLONGED PT APTT

DECREASED FIBRINOGEN LEVELS

Lab findings for severe infection: IHPD

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS

a virus that targets cells in the immune system

CD4

HIV targets the ___ cell because these helps cell attach to and communicate with other immune cells

GP120

HIV will attach to CD4 with the help of ____

PROVIRAL

_____ is now integrated into the host’s DNA

VIRAL TROPISM

term used to describe the different target cells of HIV

ACUTE

During this stage, patients experience flu-like symptoms or mononucleosis-like

CHRONIC OR CLINICALLY LATENT

Clinical signs or symptoms of the virus may not be present, the virus is steadily chipping away at immune system

DECREASES

As number of virus increase at the same time the number of T-Cells slowly _____

>500 cells/mm3

During chronic or clinically latent stage T-cells count is usually

<200 cells/mm3

If T-cells are _____, the immune system is severely compromised.

HAIRY LUEKOPLAKIA

these are white patch on tongue caused by Epstein-Bar Virus

ORAL CANDIDIASIS

Can result in creamy white lesions in tongue or inner cheeks.

SEXUAL INTERCOURSE

INTRAVENOUS DRUG ABUSE

MOTHER TO CHILD

ACCIDENTAL NEEDLESTICKS

MOT FOR HIV

ANTIGEN/ANTIBODY TESTING

Recommended screening test for HIV.

WESTERN BLOT

if the result is positive in screening test, confirmatory test _____ is needed.

ANTIBODY OR NUCLEIC ACIDS

During confirmatory testing, it looks for

ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUG

Combination of medications (“HIV REGIMEN”) Slows the HIV replication and help immune system to recover and fight other infections

HEPATITIS A

Common cause of acute hepatitis

2-6 WEEKS

HEPATITIS A INCUBATION PERIOD

HEPATOCYTES

HEPA A: Host immune response leads to inflammation and damage to _______

FECAL ORAL

Transmission of Hepa A

CHILDREN

Hepatitis A is usually asymptomatic in

STAGE 1 PRODOME

Patient may experience: anorexia, nausea and vomiting, fever, fatigue, malaise, and myalgia.

STAGE 2 ICTERIC PHASE

Dark urine, pale stool, jaundice, RUQ pain/discomfort, pruritus, skin rash.

HEPATOMEGALY

Other findings for stage 2

ANTI-HAV IgM

ANTI-HAV IgG

SEROLOGIC TESTING FOR HEPATITIS A

HEPATITIS B

type of liver infection may be acute or chronic can lead to severe complications such as liver failure, cirrhosis, prevents typical liver functions.

PERINATAL

BODILY FLUIDS (BLOOD, SEMEN, VAGINAL FLUIDS)

HEPA B MOT

HBsAg

Anti-HBs antibody

two important serological markers for HBV

HBcAb

indicate a current or previous infection of Hepa B

HBsAg

indicate only current infection

HBsAg

first marker to appear and its level peak during acute stages of infection.

TWO VISIBLE PURPLE LINE

Positive HBsAg shows

POSITIVE

_____ results shows presence of HBsAg

NEGATIVE

______ result shows absence of HBsAg

HBsAg

membrane strip is pre-coated with mouse monoclonal anti-HBs antibody on the test band region

WORKING PROPERLY

A purple band will appear on the control region to show that the test is _____

REACTIVE

A purple band will appear on the test region if the specimen is ______

REACTIVE

Presence of any test line, no matter how faint, the result is considered __\\\

HEPATITIS C

Cause of parenteral form of Non-A and Non-B Hepatitis

FLAVIVIRIDAE

Hepatitus C belongs to the family of

HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE

Plate is washed to remove unbound materials. _______ conjugated antihuman Igs are added to each week

BLUE COLOR

____will develop in proportion to the amount of specific antibodies to HCV present in the specimen.

RAPID HIV DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM (rHIVda)

This year, the national HIV/AIDS and STI prevention introduced the use of __________ as the new HIV confirmatory test in the PH replacing western blot