Musculoskeletal System

axial and appendicular skeleton, blue highlight/underline = important, yellow highlight and underline = import and MAYBE ON THE TEST

Bones are dominated by what type of tissue?

Bone CT dominates what specific organ?

Other bone tissues

nervous and blood CT

What are the __5 main functions of bones__?

__Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and energy metabolism__ are the functions of what organ?

What cell do osteoprogenitor stem cells turn into?

Where are osteoblasts derived from?

What do ^^osteoblasts^^ do?

What cell actively produces and secretes bone matrix?

What cell breakdown and reabsorbs bone?

What do ^^osteoclasts^^ do?

Extra info about osteoclasts

derived from WBC, secrete hydrochloric acid and lysosomal enzymes

What type of bone is longer than it is wide?

What are long bones?

What are short bones?

What are cube shaped bones classified as?

What are bones that don’t fit into the long/short bone category called?

What are irregular (weirdo) bones?

What is compact bone?

What is the dense outer layer of bone called?

What is the inside/”internal network” of bone called?

What is spongy bone?

What is the __function of trabeculae__?

What are the “little beams” that __help dissipate force__ called?

What part of the bone is the diaphysis?

What is the middle/long (shaft) part of a bone called?

extra stuff about long bones

well vascularized, filled with red marrow!

What is the ^^deep, hollow part of a bone^^ called?

Where is the ^^medullary cavity^^ located?

What is the most __important function of trabeculae__?

What structure __dissipates forces/stress of the body__?

What provides information about the functions of bone muscle?

What is the purpose of bone markings/landmarks?

What does the osteon of a compact bone make passage for?

Where are the blood/lymph vessels and nerves located in the bone?

What bone is too small to contain osteons, but has trabeculae instead?

^^What are some characteristics of spongy bone?^^

What is the term for bone tissue formation?

What happens in ^^ossification^^?

__What growth does the epiphyseal plate allow__?

Why does the __diaphysis__ grow?

__**What separates/pushes the diaphysis and epiphysis away from each other?**__

The __epiphyseal plate__ separates was two structure?

__**bone growth**__

* cartilage cells stack on top of each other (length)
* chondroblasts (cartilage cells) at the top of the stack divide fast
* older chondroblasts enlarge and signal surrounding matrix to calcify and then they die/disintegrate
* trabeculae partially eroded by osteoclasts
* osteoblasts then cover trabeculae with bone tissue! - new bone formation aka ossification
* trabeculae eaten away from tips by osteoclasts

growth of endochondral bones during childhood and adolescence

* bones lengthen by growth on epiphyseal plate
* cartilage replaced w/ bone CT at same rate as growth = bone lengthening

Growth of endochondral bones as adolescence ends

* epiphyseal plate thins and stops growing
* replaced by bone tissue
* bone stops growing when diaphysis and epiphysis fuse

What is being added in appositional growth?

What is it called when bone tissue gets added to the surface of bone?

__**what does growth hormone do for bone growth?**__

What hormone from the pituitary gland tells bones to __“keep growing?__”

__**What hormone ensures that skeleton retains proper proportions?**__

What does __thyroid hormone__ do for bone growth?

^^How does growth hormone make bones grow^^?

What hormone ^^stimulates the epiphyseal plate^^?

__**What do sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone) do for bone growth?**__

Which hormone promotes bone growth and __induces the closure of the epiphyseal plate__?

cartilage facts

very flexible. found throughout body

What are the three types of cartilage?

hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic

What are the characteristics of ^^hyaline cartilage^^?

What cartilage ^^provides flexibility, resilience^^, and stays in one area but doesn’t move?

What cartilage ^^tolerates bending due to its elastic fibers?^^

What are some characteristics of ^^elastic cartilage^^?

What cartilage ^^resists strong compression and tension of the body^^?

What does ^^fibrocartilage^^ (intermediate/hybrid) do?

hyaline cartilage locations

rings of trachea, ribs, sternum

fibrocartilage locations

pubis symphysis, menisci

elastic cartilage locations

epiglottis, outer ear

What is the axial skeleton consist of?

What skeleton does the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage make up?

Number of bones

* 206 names bones
* 80 axial
* 126 appendicular

^^What is the most complex structure of the axial skeleton?^^

the ^^skull^^

__**What function do the cranium bones have?**__

Which bones __enclose/protect the brain and provide attachment sites__ for some muscles?

__**What bones provide the framework of the face and anchor facial muscles?**__

Why are __facials bones__ so important?

__**skull bones (8)**__

* __paired: parietal and temporal__
* __unpaired: frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid__

__**What are the four immovable sutures?**__

__coronal, squamous, sagittal, lambdoid__

^^Where is the coronal suture located?^^

What suture do the parietal and frontal bone form?

^^Where is the squamous suture located?^^

What suture do the partial and temporal bone form INFERIORLY?

^^Where is the sagittal suture located?^^

What suture do the left and right parietal bone form SUPERIORLY?

^^Where is the lambdoid suture located?^^

What suture do the parietal and occipital bone form POSTERIORLY?

__**Which bone is the largest, strongest, and ONLY movable facial bone?**__

What are some characteristics of the __mandible__(lower jawbone)?

Which facial bone provides ^^facial structure^^ and doesn’t articulate with the mandible?

What are some characteristics of the ^^maxillary bone^^?

What are the prime movers(agonists) in mastication(chewing)?

^^What do the masseter and temporalis do?^^

What muscles allow the mandible to go side to side and front and back?

^^What do the medial and lateral pterygoid do^^ for the mandible?

What separates the maxillary and mandible bone?

What two bones are separated by the teeth?

hyoid bone facts

* inferior to the mandible
* ^^only bone w/ no direct articulations^^
* movable base for the tongue

__**What are the functions of the vertebral column?**__

What 33 bones __surround and protect the spinal chord__ and help us stand erect?

^^What are the five major regions of the vertebral column?^^

* 7 cervical
* 12 thoracic
* 5 lumbar
* sacrum - 5 fused bones
* coccyx- inferior to the sacrum

Intervertebral disc facts

* Cushion pads between vertebrae

What is the jelly sphere that absorbs stresses/forces in the discs called?

What is the function of nucleus pulposus?

What are the outer rings of ligaments that surround the nucleus pulposus and allow flexion and rotation in the discs?

What is the function of the annulus fibrosis?

Parts of the intervertebral discs!

* ^^Body:^^ thick part that will have the annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus
* ^^Vertebral arch:^^ posterior arch of vertebral foramen
* ^^Vertebral foramen:^^ opening for spinal chord
* ^^Spinous process:^^ posterior bone projection
* ^^transverse process:^^ outer projections
* ^^superior/inferior articulation process/facets:^^ joints that connect other vertebrae together

vertebral ROM

* extension and flexion
* lateral flexion
* rotation

cervical vertebrae characteristics

* __smallest and lightest__
* C3-C7 typical structure
* spinous process short and bifid EXCEPT C7 which allows for up and down ROM

What is the first cervical vertebrae?

What type of vertebrae is the atlas?

atlas characteristics

* supports the skull
* NO body and spinous process
* flexion and extension, nodding “yes”

what is the second cervical vertebrae?

What type of vertebrae is the axis?

axis characteristics

* body and spinous process
* dens projects superiorly (where atlas and axis fuse)
* pivot, side-to-side ROM, shaking head “no”

muscles of the neck

__flexion: sternocleidomastoid__

extension: trapezius, splenus

lateral flexion: splenius cervisis/capitus

thoracic vertebrae characteristics

* 12, heart-shaped bodies
* T1-T12 have demifacets for articulation with ribs
* __spinous process long and point inferiorly, help stop hyperextension__
* rotation with limited flexion and extension

lumbar vertebrae characteristics

* bodies are thick and robust __because they deal w/ most stress__
* spinous p. short and flat, __point POSTERIORLY to allow flexion__
* transverse p. thin and tapered
* flexion and extension, not a lot of rotation

sacrum characteristics

* posterior side of pelvis
* 5 fused vertebrae

What is the sacral promontory?

Where does the first sacral vertebrae bulge into the pelvic cavity?

What is the anterior/posterior sacral foramina?

What is the passage for ventral rami(branch) of sacral nerves?

What is the framework of the chest components called?

What is the thoracic cage?

What makes up the Thoracic Cage?

* thoracic vertebrae POSTERIORLY
* ribs LATERALLY
* sternum and costal cartilage ANTERIORLY

^^What are the functions of the thoracic cage?^^

What protects the thoracic organs, supports the shoulder girdle and upper limbs, and provides attachment sites for back muscles?

__**What are the three sections of the sternum?**__

What do the __manubrium, body, and xiphoid process__ make up?

manubrium facts

superior part of sternum, clavicular notches on sides articulate w/ medial end of claviclebod

sternum body facts

bulk of sternum, side notches are articulations for costal cartilage (2-7)

xiphoid process facts

inferior end of sternum, ossifies around age 40

__**ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS FOR STERNUM*****__

* __JUGULAR NOTCH:__ indentation at superior manubrium
* __STERNAL ANGLE:__ horizontal ridge where manubrium joins body
* __XIPHISTERAL JOINT:__ where body and xiphoid process meet

rib facts

* all ribs attaches to the vertebral column
* 12 pairs of ribs

Which ribs, directly connected to the sternum, are known as “true ribs?”

What are the 7 superior ribs called?

Which ribs, indirectly connected to the sternum, are known as “false ribs?”

What are the 5 inferior ribs called?

What are ribs 11 and 12 known as?

Which ribs are called “floating ribs?”

drawing of ribs

__**what is abnormal lateral curvature of the spine called?**__

What is __**scoliosis**__**?**

What is __kyphosis__?

__**What is exaggerated thoracic curvature called?**__

In who does kyphosis typically happen to?

What axial skeleton disorder happens to older people?

Why would people who have kyphosis look like a “hunchback?”

How does thoracic vertebrae having long, inferior pointing spinous p. make people with hypnosis look?

__**What is the most important muscle of respiration?**__

What process does the __diaphragm__ play an important part in?

__**diaphragm facts**__

* __most important for respiration__
* __separates thoracic and abdominal cavities__
* __FLATTENS as is contracts__
* __ARCHED in rest__
* innervated by phrenic nerve

What are the external and internal intercostal muscles involved in?

What other muscles are involved in breathing?

external intercostal = inspiration, rib cage up and out

internal intercostal = aid expiration during heavy breathing, rib cage in and down

^^What are the muscles of the abdominal wall?^^

* rectus abdominus: “six pack”
* external and internal obliques: sides
* transverse abdominis: deep to obliques
* serratus anterior: superior to obliques
* linea alba: which line of CT that runs down abdomen

__**Why are the abdominal wall muscles so important?**__

What muscles __support and protect abdominal organs__? (also flex vertebral column)

When do you use the abdominal muscles?

literally anything. laughing, peeing, birth, etc.

What muscles do trunk extension, maintain normal curvature, and for column from skull to sacrum?

What is the function of deep back muscles?

What is the ^^erector spine group^^?

What are the largest and most important deep back muscles called?