Studied by 12 people
axial and appendicular skeleton, blue highlight/underline = important, yellow highlight and underline = import and MAYBE ON THE TEST
Bones are dominated by what type of tissue?
Bone CT dominates what specific organ?
Other bone tissues
nervous and blood CT
What are the 5 main functions of bones?
Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and energy metabolism are the functions of what organ?
What cell do osteoprogenitor stem cells turn into?
Where are osteoblasts derived from?
What do osteoblasts do?
What cell actively produces and secretes bone matrix?
What cell breakdown and reabsorbs bone?
What do osteoclasts do?
Extra info about osteoclasts
derived from WBC, secrete hydrochloric acid and lysosomal enzymes
What type of bone is longer than it is wide?
What are long bones?
What are short bones?
What are cube shaped bones classified as?
What are bones that don’t fit into the long/short bone category called?
What are irregular (weirdo) bones?
What is compact bone?
What is the dense outer layer of bone called?
What is the inside/”internal network” of bone called?
What is spongy bone?
What is the function of trabeculae?
What are the “little beams” that help dissipate force called?
What part of the bone is the diaphysis?
What is the middle/long (shaft) part of a bone called?
extra stuff about long bones
well vascularized, filled with red marrow!
What is the deep, hollow part of a bone called?
Where is the medullary cavity located?
What is the most important function of trabeculae?
What structure dissipates forces/stress of the body?
What provides information about the functions of bone muscle?
What is the purpose of bone markings/landmarks?
What does the osteon of a compact bone make passage for?
Where are the blood/lymph vessels and nerves located in the bone?
What bone is too small to contain osteons, but has trabeculae instead?
What are some characteristics of spongy bone?
What is the term for bone tissue formation?
What happens in ossification?
What growth does the epiphyseal plate allow?
Why does the diaphysis grow?
What separates/pushes the diaphysis and epiphysis away from each other?
The epiphyseal plate separates was two structure?
bone growth
cartilage cells stack on top of each other (length)
chondroblasts (cartilage cells) at the top of the stack divide fast
older chondroblasts enlarge and signal surrounding matrix to calcify and then they die/disintegrate
trabeculae partially eroded by osteoclasts
osteoblasts then cover trabeculae with bone tissue! - new bone formation aka ossification
trabeculae eaten away from tips by osteoclasts
growth of endochondral bones during childhood and adolescence
bones lengthen by growth on epiphyseal plate
cartilage replaced w/ bone CT at same rate as growth = bone lengthening
Growth of endochondral bones as adolescence ends
epiphyseal plate thins and stops growing
replaced by bone tissue
bone stops growing when diaphysis and epiphysis fuse
What is being added in appositional growth?
What is it called when bone tissue gets added to the surface of bone?
what does growth hormone do for bone growth?
What hormone from the pituitary gland tells bones to “keep growing?”
What hormone ensures that skeleton retains proper proportions?
What does thyroid hormone do for bone growth?
How does growth hormone make bones grow?
What hormone stimulates the epiphyseal plate?
What do sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone) do for bone growth?
Which hormone promotes bone growth and induces the closure of the epiphyseal plate?
cartilage facts
very flexible. found throughout body
What are the three types of cartilage?
hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic
What are the characteristics of hyaline cartilage?
What cartilage provides flexibility, resilience, and stays in one area but doesn’t move?
What cartilage tolerates bending due to its elastic fibers?
What are some characteristics of elastic cartilage?
What cartilage resists strong compression and tension of the body?
What does fibrocartilage (intermediate/hybrid) do?
hyaline cartilage locations
rings of trachea, ribs, sternum
fibrocartilage locations
pubis symphysis, menisci
elastic cartilage locations
epiglottis, outer ear
What is the axial skeleton consist of?
What skeleton does the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage make up?
Number of bones
206 names bones
80 axial
126 appendicular
What is the most complex structure of the axial skeleton?
the skull
What function do the cranium bones have?
Which bones enclose/protect the brain and provide attachment sites for some muscles?
What bones provide the framework of the face and anchor facial muscles?
Why are facials bones so important?
skull bones (8)
paired: parietal and temporal
unpaired: frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid
What are the four immovable sutures?
coronal, squamous, sagittal, lambdoid
Where is the coronal suture located?
What suture do the parietal and frontal bone form?
Where is the squamous suture located?
What suture do the partial and temporal bone form INFERIORLY?
Where is the sagittal suture located?
What suture do the left and right parietal bone form SUPERIORLY?
Where is the lambdoid suture located?
What suture do the parietal and occipital bone form POSTERIORLY?
Which bone is the largest, strongest, and ONLY movable facial bone?
What are some characteristics of the mandible(lower jawbone)?
Which facial bone provides facial structure and doesn’t articulate with the mandible?
What are some characteristics of the maxillary bone?
What are the prime movers(agonists) in mastication(chewing)?
What do the masseter and temporalis do?
What muscles allow the mandible to go side to side and front and back?
What do the medial and lateral pterygoid do for the mandible?
What separates the maxillary and mandible bone?
What two bones are separated by the teeth?
hyoid bone facts
inferior to the mandible
only bone w/ no direct articulations
movable base for the tongue
What are the functions of the vertebral column?
What 33 bones surround and protect the spinal chord and help us stand erect?
What are the five major regions of the vertebral column?
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
sacrum - 5 fused bones
coccyx- inferior to the sacrum
Intervertebral disc facts
Cushion pads between vertebrae
What is the jelly sphere that absorbs stresses/forces in the discs called?
What is the function of nucleus pulposus?
What are the outer rings of ligaments that surround the nucleus pulposus and allow flexion and rotation in the discs?
What is the function of the annulus fibrosis?
Parts of the intervertebral discs!
Body: thick part that will have the annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus
Vertebral arch: posterior arch of vertebral foramen
Vertebral foramen: opening for spinal chord
Spinous process: posterior bone projection
transverse process: outer projections
superior/inferior articulation process/facets: joints that connect other vertebrae together
vertebral ROM
extension and flexion
lateral flexion
rotation
cervical vertebrae characteristics
smallest and lightest
C3-C7 typical structure
spinous process short and bifid EXCEPT C7 which allows for up and down ROM
What is the first cervical vertebrae?
What type of vertebrae is the atlas?
atlas characteristics
supports the skull
NO body and spinous process
flexion and extension, nodding “yes”
what is the second cervical vertebrae?
What type of vertebrae is the axis?
axis characteristics
body and spinous process
dens projects superiorly (where atlas and axis fuse)
pivot, side-to-side ROM, shaking head “no”
muscles of the neck
flexion: sternocleidomastoid
extension: trapezius, splenus
lateral flexion: splenius cervisis/capitus
thoracic vertebrae characteristics
12, heart-shaped bodies
T1-T12 have demifacets for articulation with ribs
spinous process long and point inferiorly, help stop hyperextension
rotation with limited flexion and extension
lumbar vertebrae characteristics
bodies are thick and robust because they deal w/ most stress
spinous p. short and flat, point POSTERIORLY to allow flexion
transverse p. thin and tapered
flexion and extension, not a lot of rotation
sacrum characteristics
posterior side of pelvis
5 fused vertebrae
What is the sacral promontory?
Where does the first sacral vertebrae bulge into the pelvic cavity?
What is the anterior/posterior sacral foramina?
What is the passage for ventral rami(branch) of sacral nerves?
What is the framework of the chest components called?
What is the thoracic cage?
What makes up the Thoracic Cage?
thoracic vertebrae POSTERIORLY
ribs LATERALLY
sternum and costal cartilage ANTERIORLY
What are the functions of the thoracic cage?
What protects the thoracic organs, supports the shoulder girdle and upper limbs, and provides attachment sites for back muscles?
What are the three sections of the sternum?
What do the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process make up?
manubrium facts
superior part of sternum, clavicular notches on sides articulate w/ medial end of claviclebod
sternum body facts
bulk of sternum, side notches are articulations for costal cartilage (2-7)
xiphoid process facts
inferior end of sternum, ossifies around age 40
ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS FOR STERNUM***
JUGULAR NOTCH: indentation at superior manubrium
STERNAL ANGLE: horizontal ridge where manubrium joins body
XIPHISTERAL JOINT: where body and xiphoid process meet
rib facts
all ribs attaches to the vertebral column
12 pairs of ribs
Which ribs, directly connected to the sternum, are known as “true ribs?”
What are the 7 superior ribs called?
Which ribs, indirectly connected to the sternum, are known as “false ribs?”
What are the 5 inferior ribs called?
What are ribs 11 and 12 known as?
Which ribs are called “floating ribs?”
drawing of ribs
what is abnormal lateral curvature of the spine called?
What is scoliosis?
What is kyphosis?
What is exaggerated thoracic curvature called?
In who does kyphosis typically happen to?
What axial skeleton disorder happens to older people?
Why would people who have kyphosis look like a “hunchback?”
How does thoracic vertebrae having long, inferior pointing spinous p. make people with hypnosis look?
What is the most important muscle of respiration?
What process does the diaphragm play an important part in?
diaphragm facts
most important for respiration
separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
FLATTENS as is contracts
ARCHED in rest
innervated by phrenic nerve
What are the external and internal intercostal muscles involved in?
What other muscles are involved in breathing?
external intercostal = inspiration, rib cage up and out
internal intercostal = aid expiration during heavy breathing, rib cage in and down
What are the muscles of the abdominal wall?
rectus abdominus: “six pack”
external and internal obliques: sides
transverse abdominis: deep to obliques
serratus anterior: superior to obliques
linea alba: which line of CT that runs down abdomen
Why are the abdominal wall muscles so important?
What muscles support and protect abdominal organs? (also flex vertebral column)
When do you use the abdominal muscles?
literally anything. laughing, peeing, birth, etc.
What muscles do trunk extension, maintain normal curvature, and for column from skull to sacrum?
What is the function of deep back muscles?
What is the erector spine group?
What are the largest and most important deep back muscles called?
Note
Flashcard