Ch.4 The Muscular System

Medical Terminology for Health Professions (did not add blue words)

muscle fibers

are the ling slender cells that make up muscles

fascia

is a band of connective tissue that envelops, seperates, or binds together muscles or groups of muscles

myofascial

means pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia

tendon

is a narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone

skeletal muscles

are attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possibe

smooth muscles

are located in the walls of the internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands

myocardial muscles

aka myocardium or cardiac muscle form the muscular walls of the heart

muscle innervation

is the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve

neuromuscular

means pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle

contraction

is the tightening of a muscle

relaxation

occurs when a muscle returns to its original form

abduction

is the movement of a limb (arm or leg) away from the midline of the body

adduction

is the movement of a limb (arm or leg) toward the midline of the body

flexion

means descreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint

extension

increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb

hyperextension

is the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit

elevation

is the act of raising or lifting a body part

depression

is the act of lowering a body part

rotation

is a circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint

circumduction

is the circular movement at the far end of a limb

humerus

is the bone of the upper arm, rotates within the shoulder joint

supination

is the act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward or upward

pronation

is the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward

dorsiflexion

is the movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle

plantar flexion

is the movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle

origin

is where the muscle begins and it is located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton

insertion

is where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon

mastoid

the muscle inserts at one point of insertion into the mastoid process.

pectoralis major

is a thick fan shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall

lateralis

means toward the side

medialis

means toward the midline

oblique

means slammed or at an angle

rectus

means in straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body

sphincter

is a ring like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway

transverse

means in a crosswise direction

biceps brachii

aka the biceps, is formed from two divisions

triceps brachii

aka triceps, is formed from three division

gluteus maximus

is the largest muscle of the buttock

deltoid muscle

located on the shoulder, is shaped like an inverted traingle, which the greek letter delta

hamstring group

located at the back of the upper leg, consists of three seperate muscles; biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus

frontalis

or occipitofrontalis, muscle is in the forehead, it raises and lowers the eyebrows

temporalis

muscle moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth

masseter

muscle, which is one of the strongest in the body, moves lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing

pectoralis major

makes up the bulk of the chest muscles. In the female this muscle lies under the breast

external oblique

flex and rotate the vertebral column, also flex the torso and compress the abdomen

internal oblique muscles

flex the spine, support the abdominal contents, help breathe, and rotate the spine

rectus abdominis

helps flex the trunk, assists in breathing, and supports the spine

transverse abdominis

is located on the side of the abdomen

deltoid

forms the muscular cap of the shoulder

trapezius

muscle moves the head and shoulder blade

biceps brachii

located in the anterior upper arm, flexes the elbow

triceps brachii

located in the posterior upper arm, extends the elbow

biceps brachii

located in the anterior upper arm, flexes the elbow

triceps brachii

located in the posterior upper arm, extends the elbow

rectus femoris

extends the leg at the knee

quadriceps femoris

is made up of four muscles, including the vastus lateralis an vastus medialis, which flex and extend the leg at the knee

hamstring group

is involved in the knee flexion and hip extension

gastrocnemius

is the calf muscle that flexes the knee and bends the foot downward

exercise physiologist

is a specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop implement and cordinate exercise programs

neurologist

is a physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function

occupational therapist (OT)

helps enable patients to participate in the activities of daily life, including self care, education, work, or social interaction

fasciitis

is inflammation of a fascia

fibromyalgia

is a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain and a wide range of other symptoms

tensosynovitis

is an inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon

tendinitis

sometimes spelled tendonitis, is an inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint

chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)

is a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems

adhesion

is a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abdnormaly

atrophy

means weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures

myalgia

is tenderness or pain in the muscles

myocele

is the herniation (protrusion) of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it

myolysis

is the degeneration of muscle tissue

myorrhexis

is the rupture or tearing of a muscle

polymyostitis

is a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body

rhabdomyolysis

is a serious syndrome that can result from a direct or indirect muscle injury

sarcopenia

is the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging

muscle tone

is the state of a balanced muscle tension (contraction and relaxation) that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible

atonic

means lacking normal muscle tone or strength

dystonia

is a condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement

hypotonia

is a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles

ataxia

is the lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement

contracture

is the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues that occurs when normally elastic connective

intermittment claudication

is pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest

spasm

is any sudden involuntary contraction of one or more muscles

myoclonus

is the quick involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles

singultus

aka hiccups, is myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the hiccup sound with each spasm

cramp

is a painful localized muscle spasm often names for its cause, such as menstrual cramps

torticollis

aka wryneck, is a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side

bradykinesia

is extreme slowness in movement

dyskinesia

is the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions

hyperkinesia

aka hyperactivity is abnormally increased muscle function or activity

myasthenia gravis

is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction

muscular dystrophy

is properly referred to in the plural, which is muscular dystrophies

repetitive stress disorders

are a variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work, daily activities, or recreation such as sports

compartment syndrome

involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the compartment an enclosed space created by the fascia that seperated groups of muscles

overuse injuries

minor tissue that have not been given time to heal

overuse tendinitis

aka overuse tendinosis, is an inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint

stress fractures

which are usually overuse injuries

myofascial pain syndrome

is a chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body

impingement syndrome

occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint

rotator cuff tendinitis

is an inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff