college biology chapters 17-19

cuvier

after every catastrophic event, there were survivors, not new species

lamarck

theory of inherited acquired traits, moved toward perfection

darwin

natural selection, survival of the fittest, populations change over time, heritable traits are passed on

lyell

wrote Principles of Geology, saying the earth is very old and there was enough time for evolution

malthus

population outgrows resources, survival of the fittest

wallace

father of biogeography, had similar ideas to Darwin

homologous structures

similar structure, different function

analogous structures

similar function, different structure

vestigal structures

body part that has stayed through evolution, but has no function

embryology

before birth

morphological divergence

features have departed in appearance and/or function from ancestral form

morphological convergence

adoption of similar function over time

radiometric dating

a way to measure the proportions of daughter/parent isotopes in ancient rocks or other objects

comparative biochemistry

comparing DNA and RNA

biogeography

discovery of new organisms in new places

evolution

The gradual change in a species over time

adaption

inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance to survive and reproduce

population

a group of organisms of the same species populating a given area

Dimorphism

a trait that exists in only two forms in a population

polymorphism

The coexistence of two or more distinct forms in the same population.

gene pool

the sum of all the genes in the entire population

alleles

Different forms of a gene

phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

gene mutation

heritable changes in DNA that can alter gene expression

lethal mutation

expression of a gene that results in death

neutral mutation

genes, whether or not they are expressed in the phenotype, have no effect on survival and reproduction

allele frequencies

a measure of the abundance of each kind of allele in the entire population

genetic equilibrium

situation in which allele frequencies remain constant

(1) no mutations occurring

(2) the population is very, very large

(3) the population is isolated from other populations of the same species

(4) all members survive, rate, and reproduce- no selection

(5) mating is random

microevolution

the change in allele frequencies brought about by mutation, genetic drift, flow, and natural selection

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 (p and q are allelic frequencies)

directional selection

shifts alleles in a consistent direction

antibiotic

destroys bacteria

stabalizing selection

favors the most common phenotype in a population; counters the effects of mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow

disruptive selection

favors forms of the extremes of the phenotypic range of variation and selects against the intermediate forms

sexual dimorphism

distinctive male and female phenotypes

sexual selection

when individuals select mates based on heritable traits; females are often the agents of selection when they pick their mates

genetic drift

random change in allele frequencies that is more significant in small populations, due to chance occurrences alone

Probability

the chance that something will happen relative to the number of times it could happen

fixation

one kind of allele remains at a specified locus in a population

bottleneck

process in which a large population declines in number, then rebounds; some stressful situation greatly reduces the size of a population, leaving a few (typical or atypical) individuals to reestablish the population

founder effect

a few individuals (carrying genes that may/may not be typical of the whole population) leave the original population to establish a new one

Inbreeding

nonrandom mating among closely related individuals

emigration

moving out of a population

immigration

Moving into a population

gene flow

movement of alleles from one population to another

Large scale patterns, trends, and rates of change among species

Macroevolution

Gradual accumulation of differences in the gene pools of populations

Genetic Divergence

Individuals who can't mate or pollinate because of physical incompatibilities

Mechanical isolation

Individuals of different species ignore or don't understand the cue for sex

Behavioral isolation

Individuals of different species reproduce at different times

Temporal isolation

Individuals of different species live in different places and never meet up

Ecological isolation

Gametes of different species are incompatible; no fertilization

Gamete morality

Hybrid embryos die early or the new individuals die before they can reproduce

Hybrid iniavailability

Hybrid individuals can't make functional gametes

Hybrid sterility

The mule is an example of what?

hybrid sterility

Land separating flightless land birds is an example of what?

Ecological isolation

Speciation in geographically isolated populations

Allopatric speciation

Species form within the home range of the parent species

Sympatric speciation

Neighboring populations become distinct species while maintaining contact along a common border

Parametric speciation

Offspring with altered chromosome number cannot breed with parent generation

Speciation by polyploidy

A branching pattern; lineage splits, isolated populations diverge

Cladogenesis

No branching; changes occur within a single lineage

Anagenesis

Summarize information about the continuity of relationships among species

Evolutionary trees

Speciation model in which species emerge through small morphological changes that accumulate over a long time period

Gradual model

Speciation model in which most changes in morphology are compressed into brief period near onset of divergence

Punctuation model

Identifying, naming, and classifying species

Taxonomy

Who devised the binomial system?

Carl Linnaeus

Each species has a two-part latin name

Binomial

What is the first part in a binomial name? The second?

genus, species

Who proposed the five kingdom scheme?

Robert Whittaker

Name the three domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Name the six kingdoms

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Study of evolutionary relationships among species

Phylogeny