Ellipsis

Repeated Subject (and/but/or)

After and, but, or, we can omit a repeated subject. Example: He opened the window and (he) sat down. | VN: Lược bỏ chủ ngữ lặp lại. | Practice: She entered the room and sat on the chair.

Repeated Subject + Auxiliary

After and/or/but, we can omit both the subject and auxiliary. Example: We could stay here or (we could) go home. | VN: Lược bỏ chủ ngữ + trợ động từ lặp lại. | Practice: You can call me or send me a message.

Adjective after BE

Omit repeated adjective after be. Example: It seems expensive, but it isn't (expensive). | VN: Lược bỏ tính từ sau động từ to be. | Practice: The journey looks difficult, but it isn't.

Auxiliary Only

Keep auxiliary and omit repeated verb phrase. Example: She will attend the meeting, but I won't (attend the meeting). | VN: Chỉ giữ trợ động từ. | Practice: Tom can swim, but I can't.

Different Auxiliary + Omission

Omit repeated verb phrase after a different auxiliary. Example: I'm working hard, but not as hard as I should (be working). | VN: Lược bỏ cụm động từ khi đổi trợ động từ. | Practice: He studies English, but not as much as he should.

Could Have / Should Have

Leave two auxiliaries to express past meaning. Example: She didn't win, but she could have (won). | VN: Dùng could/should have để thay thế hành động quá khứ. | Practice: I didn't call him, but I should have.

Do/Does/Did Substitution

Use do/does/did when no auxiliary exists. Example: She likes coffee, and I do too. | VN: Dùng do/does/did thay cho động từ thường. | Practice: They enjoyed the trip, but I didn't.

Reduced Infinitive (to)

Use only "to" instead of repeating the infinitive. Example: I don't want to go, but I have to. | VN: Rút gọn động từ nguyên mẫu sau "to". | Practice: Are you coming? I'd love to.

One (Singular Noun)

Replace a singular countable noun. Example: I need a pen. Do you have one? | VN: Thay thế danh từ đếm được số ít. | Practice: I lost my umbrella. I need a new one.

Ones (Plural Noun)

Replace a plural noun. Example: I like the blue shoes, not the black ones. | VN: Thay thế danh từ số nhiều. | Practice: Which cookies do you want? The chocolate ones.

Do So

Replace a verb phrase formally. Example: If I can help, I'll be happy to do so. | VN: Thay thế cả cụm động từ. | Practice: They asked me to leave, and I did so.

If So

= If that is true. Example: Do you want to improve? If so, keep practising. | VN: Nếu đúng như vậy. | Practice: Are you free tomorrow? If so, let's meet.

If Not

= If that is not true. Example: He should be here. If not, call me. | VN: Nếu không phải vậy. | Practice: Finish your work. If not, you'll miss the deadline.

I Think So

I think so = I think that is true. Example: Are they coming? I think so. | VN: Tôi nghĩ là có. | Practice: Will she pass the test? I think so.

I Don't Think So

I don't think so = I think that is not true. Example: Will it rain? I don't think so. | VN: Tôi nghĩ là không. | Practice: Is he angry? I don't think so.

Hope So

I hope so = I hope it is true. Example: Will we win? I hope so. | VN: Tôi hy vọng vậy. | Practice: Can you finish today? I hope so.

I'm Afraid Not

Polite negative answer. Example: Can you come? I'm afraid not. | VN: Rất tiếc là không. | Practice: Are there any tickets left? I'm afraid not.

If You Say So

If you say so = If that is what you think. | VN: Nếu bạn nói vậy. | Practice: He's a genius. – If you say so.

So + Auxiliary + Subject

Used to agree with a positive statement. Example: I love reading. So do I. | VN: Tôi cũng vậy. | Practice: She can drive. So can I.

Neither + Auxiliary + Subject

Used to agree with a negative statement. Example: I don't like coffee. Neither do I. | VN: Tôi cũng không. | Practice: She can't swim. Neither can I.