unit 6 bio vicab

Double helix

A unique shape of DNA molecule like a ladder that’s twisted into a spiral

Anti parallel

Two strands are running side-by-side, but they are pointing in opposite direction

Semiconservative

Describes how DNA copies itself. It means that one a cell makes a new copy of its DNA. The resulting DNA molecules are half old and half new

Replication fork

Y shaped structure form during initiation of replication

DNA polymerase

The ultimate construction worker molecule of the cell. Its main job is to copy DNA by building a new strand of DNA out of individual building blocks.

DNA replication

The biological process were cell makes an exact photocopy of its DNA

Phage

A virus that specifically Effects and destroys bacteria

Helicase

During replication, this enzyme helps to open up the DNA helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds

Primase

Enzyme that synthesizes the RNA primer the primer is needed for DNA pol to start synthesis of a new DNA strand

Origin of replication

The specific starting line on a DNA strand, where the cell begins to unzip and copy its DNA

Leading strand

Stranded synthesize continuously in the 5–3 direction which is synthesized in the direction of the replication fork

Lagging strand

During replication the strand that is replicated in short fragments and away from the replication fork

Transcription

Process throughout which messenger RNA forms on a template of DNA

Translation

Process throughout which RNA directs the formation of protein

mRNA

Messenger RNA, RNA that carries information from DNA to ribosomes during protein synthesis

Codons

Three consecutive nucleotides in RMA, that specific the insertion of an amino acid or the release of a polypeptide chain during translation

RNA polymerase

Photocopier that zips opened, the book reads a specific recipe and print out a portable recipe

TATA box

Conserved pro motor sequence in eukaryotes and prokaryotes that helps to establish the initiation site for transcription

Transcription factors

Protein that binds to the DNA at the promoter or enhancer region and the influences transcription of a gene

5 cap

A methylated guanosine troposphere (Gtp) molecules that is attached to the 5 end of a messenger RNA to protect the end from degradation

Poly A Tail

A series of adenine Nucleotides that are attached to the three end of an mRNA to protect the end from the gegradation

Intron

Non-protein, Coding intervening Sequence that are spliced From mRNA during processing

Exons

Sequence present in protein, coding mRNA after completion of pre-marinates splicing

RNA splicing

The process of cutting off unusable RNA and stitching the important parts back together to create a usable, strand of mRNA

tRNA

Transfer RNA, that carries activated amino acids to the site of protein synthesis on the ribosome

Anticodon

Three nucleotide sequence in a tRNA molecule that corresponds to RNA codon

Operon

Collection of genes involved in pathway that are transcribed together as a single mRNA in prokaryotic cell

Repressor

Protein that binds to the operator of prokaryotic genes to prevent transcription

Differentiation

Cell differentiation is the process for general Un specialized cell Becomes a specialized cell within a specific job

Cytoplasmic determinant

Special molecules like protein, unevenly scattered inside and unfertilized egg cell that dictate how early embryonic cell choose their jobs

Porto oncogenes

Normal gene that when mutated becomes an oncogene

Oncogenes

Mutant version of a normal gene involved in the positive regulation of the cell cycle

Tumor suppressor gene

Segment of DNA that codes for regulator proteins that prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled division

Virus

A tiny non-living infectious agent that can only reproduce by hijacking a living cell

Capsid

Protein coating of the viral core

Lyric cycle

Type of virus replication in which virions Are release throughout lysis or bursting of the cell

Lysogenic cycle

Type of virus replication in which the viral genome Is incorporated into the genome Of the host cell

Retrovirus

Virus which the RNA genome that must be reversed transcribes into DNA before being incorporated into the host cell