APUSH Semester 2 Final

Define the term Reconstruction

Following Civil War (reintegrating South to North) abolishment of slavery

How was the South affected economically socially, politically, after the war?

• economically= infrastructure was destroyed and its labor system in disarray

• social= it faced deep divisions over race and the future of formerly enslaves people

• Political= the south underwent significant changes as new governments were formed and efforts were made to to grant rights and representation to black citizens

13th Amendment

Abolishment of slavery

14th Amendment

Guarantees citizenship to all persons born in US (including formerly enslaved people)

15th Amendment

Right to vote and cannot be denied

Grant

Republican

Hayes

Republican

Garfield

Republican

Arthur

Republican

Cleveland

Democrat

Harrison

Republican

McKinley

Republican

Age of Cynicism

Widespread distrust regarding institutions and society norms

What was the status of the labor movement?

Workers faced major opposition (long hours, unsafe conditions, low wages); there were strikes (Haymarket Riot, Pullman Strike)

AFL

American Federation of Labor

Samuel Gompers

1st leader of the AFL and advocated for workers rights

How did the government try to regulate monopolies?

Sherman Anti-trust act and Interstate commerce act

Sherman Antitrust Act

Declared illegal any contract that restrain trade among states and foreign nations

Supreme Courts Stance on business

Favored business interest, often undermined antitrust laws

Who were the “captains of industry”

Carnegie (steel), Rockefeller (oil), Morgan (banking)

Gospel of Wealth

Carnegie’s idea that the rich should use their wealth to help society

What were farmers biggest concerns?

Rise of populism (reaction to debt, railroad rates, and gold standard); called for bimetallism and government regulation

Importance of Election of 1896?

Bryan (D/Populast/silver) vs. McKinley (R/gold)—McKinley defeated Bryan and the Populist movement declines

Free coinage of silver/ bimetallism

Wanted silver+gold to back currency to fight deflation

Presidents during the the Progressive era

Roosevelt (R), Taft (R), Wilson (D)

Examples of progressive reform

Women rights (Settlement Houses), Child labor laws, civil rights movement

Progressivism goal

Use government to improve society and fix industrial problems

Progressive legislation

Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act, 17th Amendment (direct election of senators)

Was TR Progressive?

Yes, with reforms like trust-busting, national parks, and Square Deal

Cause and effect of Spanish/American War

Sinking of USS Maine/US gained Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Cuba

Imperialism or isolation?

Isolation at first, then imperialism increased

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Navy power=global power

Open Door Policy

Equal trade in China

Election of 1912

Wilson wins against TR and Taft; splits GOP, leading to Progressive reform victory

14 Points

Free trade, self-determination, no secret alliances

League of Nations

International peacekeeping (US never joins)

Harding

Republican

Coolridge

Republican

Hoover

Republican

Examples of intolerance in the 1920S

Prohibition (18th Amendment), Red Scare (fear of communism), Teapot Dome Scandal (oil bribes), Scopes Trial (evolution vs. religion in shcools)

Economy in the 20s

Consumerism, mass production (Ford)

Describe presidential leadership during 20s

Laissez-fair, pro-business

Stock Market Crash

All assets were gone and banks were no longer funded; Marks start of Great Depression

Contributing factors of GD

Overproduction, buying on margin, banking collapse, income inequality

Hoovers handling of the GD

Believed in limited government aid, too little, too late

Dust Bowl

Severe drought + bad farming= migration west

Election of 1932

FDR defeats Hoover

How did FDR approach handling the Depression?

Government intervention to stabilize economy

New Deal Agencies…

Glass Stegall (bank reforms), CCC, WPA, TVA, FDIC

Where the New Deal Agencies effective?

Helped recovery, but Depression didn’t fully end until WWII

How did some agencies overreach their power?

Some agencies ruled unconstitutional by Supreme Court

What was “court packing”

FDR’s failed attempt to add more justices to Supreme Court

Presidents post WWII and Cold War era

Truman (D), Eisenhower (R), Kennedy (D), LBJ (D), Nixon (R), Ford (R), Carter (D), Reagan (R), Bush (R)

Where and when did WWII begin?

1939-Germany invaded Poland

Was the US neutral during WWII

No, Lend-Lease aided Allies

FDRS Quarantine Speech

Called for isolating aggressive nations (hint at future involvement)

Women in war

Took factory jobs

Baby Boom

Post-war population surge

Berlin Airlift

US aid during Soviet blockade

Containment

Stop spread of communism

Detente

Easing Cold War tensions (Nixon)

Marshall Plan

aid to rebuild Europe

Truman doctrine

Military and economic aid to stop communism in Greece/Turkey

Bay of Pigs

Failed invasion of Cuba

Cuban Missile Crisis

Brink of nuclear war, 1962

McCarthyism

Anti-communist hysteria

Betty Friedan

Sparked women’s rights movement

Postwar Germany

Divided into East (USSR) and west (Allies)

Cause and effect of Korean War

North invaded South; ends in stalemate

Cause and effect of Vietnam War

US involved to stop communism; ends in withdrawal and loss

LBJ Great Society

Domestic programs to eliminate poverty during on education, healthcare, rights, etc

LBJ’s legacy regarding civil rights

Pushed major legislation like Voting rights Act (1965)

Brown v. Board of Education

Rules that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, Desegregated schools, some resisted with violence

26th Amendment

Voting age lowered to 18, due to Vietnam War

Hizo Detente with Soviet Union

Eased tensions with USSR/ China