Temperature, Heat, and Thermal Expansion Concepts

Thermometric Property

A property changing with temperature measurement.

Kelvin Temperature Scale

Absolute temperature scale starting at absolute zero.

Absolute Zero

Lowest temperature possible, -273.15°C.

Linear Thermal Expansion

Change in length of an object with temperature.

Coefficient of Linear Expansion

Measures how much a material expands per degree.

Thermal Expansion Joints

Allow structures to expand without damage.

Heat

Energy transfer from hot to cold objects.

SI Unit of Heat

Measured in joules (J).

Specific Heat Capacity

Heat needed to change temperature of substance.

Unit of Specific Heat Capacity

Measured in J/(kg·°C).

Calorimetry

Study of heat transfer in physical processes.

Latent Heat

Heat required for phase change of a substance.

SI Units of Latent Heat

Measured in J/kg.

Heat Loss in Calorimetry

Heat lost by hot object equals gained by cold.

Phase Change

Transition between solid, liquid, and gas states.

Energy and Phase Change

Energy required to overcome molecular attractions.

Temperature vs Energy Graph

Shows constant temperature during phase changes.

Specific Heat of Gases

Depends on constant pressure or volume conditions.

Heat Generation in Jogging

A 65-kg jogger generates 8.0x10^5 J in 30 minutes.

Energy for Vaporization

Significant energy needed for liquid to vapor transition.

Energy for Freezing

Energy must be removed for freezing to occur.

Heat Transfer Mechanisms

Body regulates heat through various methods.

Heat and Temperature Change

Heat affects temperature but is not contained.

Molecular Separation in Phases

Molecules are farther apart in gases than liquids.

Ice and Lemonade Example

Equilibrium reached between ice and lemonade temperatures.