vitamins shuttles amino acids

glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle

oxidizes nadh in the cytosol and reduces FAD —> FADH2

malate aspartate shuttle

oxaloacetate cannot cross membrane. conversion to malate in order to enter mitochondria. NADH can now be formed in the mitochondria

pyruvate translocase

brings pyruvate into the mitochondria

citrate shuttle

moves acetyl coa out of mitochondria for fatty acid synthesis. high citrate is accumulation at rate limiting step due to ATP being produced faster than consumed

ketogenic amino acids

leu, lys, phe, ile, thr, trp, tyr can be converted to acetyl-coA or ketone bodies for fatty acid synthesis

glucogenic amino acids

all amino acids except leu, lys can be converted into tca intermediate for gluconeogenesis or acetyl coA

fat soluble vitamins

adek

water soluble vitamins

b,c

b1

thiamine deficiency causes wernicke’s encephalopathy and korsakoff syndrome. cofactor of pyruvate dehydrogenase

vitamin a

carotene converted into retinal for vision, retinoic acid for epithelial growth regulation

b2

riboflavin FAD, FMN electron carriers in decarboxylation of pyruvate and glutathione, dna repair

b3

niacin nad+, nadp+ ETC and ppp

b5

pantotheic acid fatty acid synthase

b7

biotin for propionyl coA catabolism odd numbered fatty acids

b12

cobalamin catabolism odd numbered fatty acids absorbed by parietal stomach cells

vitamin c

ascorbic acid deficiency causes scurvy, immune system, wound clotting, connective tissue

d

cholecalciferol hormone and steroid precursor, releasing calcium and phosphate for bone resorption, converted into calcitriol

e

tocopherol or tocotrienol aromatic ring captures free radicals and prevents oxidative damage

k

phylloquinone and menaquinone makes prothrombin for clotting, adds calcium binding sites to proteins. forms CoQ

VLDL

triacylglycerols and fatty acids from liver to tissue for energy

chylomicrons

highest fatty acid content formed in small intestine. primary fatty acid transporter

IDL

triacylglycerols reabsorbed by liver, formed in blood. independent of meals

LDL

delivers cholesterol from liver and intestine to tissues. independent of meals

HDL

synthesized in liver and intestines, cholesterol delivery for steroidogenic tissue, apolipoprotein delivery to lipoproteins