Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives on the Self: Hume, Kant, Freud, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Mead, and Modern Theories

David Hume

A bundle of perceptions and experiences

Immanuel Kant

The organizing principle that constructs experience

Freud

Conscious, unconscious, and preconscious

Socrates

An unexamined life is not worth living

Plato's Theory of Forms

Theory that distinguishes the world of forms from the world of sense

Plato

Reason governs spirit and appetite

Aristotle

Rational thinking

Mead's theory

The internalized expectations and attitudes of others

Play stage

Children learn self-development by pretending to be important figures like parents or teachers

Game stage

Children understand viewpoints of multiple people ("generalized others")

Modern society

Allows individuals to freely choose their own self-identity beyond traditions

Augustine

Knowing God

William James

I-Self and Me-Self

I-Self

The thinking self / pure ego

Me-Self

Material, social, and spiritual selves

Multiple social selves

Yes, depending on social context

Spiritual self

Morals, purpose, and consciousness

Aymara culture

A child is accepted into society when given a name

Filipino Catholic parents

Usually name children after saints

Rites of passage

Marks transitions like birth, marriage, death

Stages of rites of passage

Separation, liminality, incorporation

Personal naming

Yes, with cultural variations