Immune Response and Microorganisms

Cell that synthesises immunoglobulins

B cell/plasma cell

The main cellular components of a thrombus that has cytoplasmic granules

Platelets

Granulocytes involved in engulfing the foreign or toxic particles through phagocytosis. Contain multi-lobed nuclei.

Neutrophils

Cell involved in the contraction of scars

Myofibroblasts

Cell that synthesises prostaglandins and histamine. They are agranulocytes and derived from monocytes.

Macrophages

Granulocytes containing the enzymes histamine and heparin. Involved in inflammation and allergic immune reactions. Contain bean-shaped nuclei.

Basophils

Granulocytes that provide important defence against parasites by phagocytosis and produce antihistamines. Contain bi-lobed nuclei.

Eosinophils

Granulocytes containing the enzymes histamine and heparin. Involved in inflammation and allergic immune reactions. Contain round nuclei.

Mast cells

Small proteins or glycoproteins produced by helper T cells and macrophages in the immune response. They are key in the inflammatory response.

Cytokines

The class or organism responsible for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (transmissible spongiform encephalopathy). Characterised by Rapidly developing delirium or dementia, lack of coordination and personality changes.

Prions

Identify the class or organism responsible for COVID-19 illness. Characterised by high temperature, cough, shortness of breath

Viruses

Identify the class or organism responsible for Diarrhoeic Shellfish Poisoning. Characterized by incapacitating diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting, abdominal cramps, and chills

Algae

Identify the class or organism responsible for Malaria. Characterised by cyclical occurrence of sudden coldness followed by rigor and then fever and sweating lasting four to six hours, occurring every few days

Protozoa

Identify the class or organism responsible for Pertussis. Highly contagious. Characterised by a paroxysmal cough, inspiratory whoop, and vomiting after coughing.

Bacteria

Immunity provided when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system.

Passive

Identify the process of expansion following T-cell activation which leads to the production of many cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.

Clonal

A Y shaped glycoprotein encoded by genes that have undergone somatic hypermutation is a defining characteristic of this aspect of the immune system.

Adaptive

Immunity that is developed by the host in its body after exposure to a suitable antigen or after transfer of antibodies or lymphocytes from an immune donor.

Adaptive

What aspect of immunity is mediated by macromolecules?

Humoral

Immunity when exposure to a disease organism triggers the immune system to produce antibodies to that disease. Can be natural or vaccine induced.

Active immunity

A newborn baby acquires this type of immunity from its mother through the placenta.

Passive immunity

Artificial immunity via antibody-containing blood products such as immune globulin, which may be given when immediate protection from a specific disease is needed.

Passive immunity

Antigen-nonspecific defence mechanism that a host uses immediately or within several hours after exposure to almost any microbe. This is the immunity one is born with and is the initial response by the body to eliminate microbes and prevent infection.

Innate immunity

Infections acquired in a hospital or other medical facility

Nosocomial infections

Infections resulting from organisms that usually are harmless but cause disease under certain conditions.

Opportunistic infections

4 modes of transmission of infection

1. Contact

2. Droplet

3. Airborne

4. Contaminated food/water

Viruses have no _______ (2)

Ribosomes

Cell membrane

Bacteria has no __________

Nucleus

Small proteinaceous particles associated with degenerative changes in the brain. They have no nucleic acid and convert normal proteins into abnormal forms.

Prions

Replication in viruses can be described as

Strictly intercellular

Cell membrane of fungi contains what instead of cholesterol?

Ergosterol

Free living bacteria

Planktonic

Role of cytokines

Induce bone resorption

Help b cells communicate

Causes fibroblasts to release collagenase

Role of prostaglandins

Cause bone resorption

Capillary dilation

Endothelial permeability

Role of histamine within the GI tract

Enhances effect of acetylcholine and gastrin which stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl

Role of defensins

Create voltage gated channels on bacterial membranes, causing an influx of water, increasing osmotic pressure, causing rupture of the bacterial membrane

Role of surfactant

Keeps surface tension between alveoli and the space surrounding to stop the lungs from collapsing

Role of histamine in the immune response

Vasodilation

Increased vascular permeability