Civics chap. 13 review

What is an interest group?

A collection of people or organization that tries to influence public policy

What are the modern names of interest groups we see today?

Special interest, pressure groups, organized interests, nongovernmental organizations, political groups, lobby groups, public interest groups

What is the main way in which interest groups are different from political parties?

Interest groups do not run candidates for office, just support certain ones

political scientist believe that involvement in community groups and activites with others of like interest enhances social __________

capital

the __________ theory of interest groups formation touts that political power is distributed among a wide array of diverse and competing interest groups

pluralist

according to the ______________ theory of interest group formation, one wave of groups will give way to another wave representing a contrary perspective (a countermovement)

disturbance

what does the transactions theory of interest group formation state?

The theory that public policies are the result of narrowly defined exchanges or transactions among political actors

supporters of the transactions theory of interest group formation believe that there is an elite bias in the interest group system due to the differences in the cost of __________________

Mobilization

According to his writing in Federalist No. 10, James Madison feared that groups of great wealth known as ___________ would form and take power away from individuals, which is what interest groups do today.

factions

How did the Bill of Rights encourage the development of interest groups?

1st amendment secures the right to peacefully assemble, along with freedom of speech and petition

The first national groups that emerged in the 1830's were single-issue groups deeply rooted in the _______________ religious revivalism prominent throughout the nation at the time.

Christian

what humanitarian causes were the first interest groups concerned with?

temperance (no alcohol), peace, education, abolition of slavery, and women rights

what problems in society led to the Progressive Movement? What were they cause by?

Crime, poverty, dirty and unsafe working conditions, and widespread political corruption caused by rapid industrialization, an influx of immigrants, and monopolistic business practices

Progressive Era groups constituted a wide range including those rallying for public _____________ and kindergartens and those seeking better labor conditions for workers.

libraries

Groups such as the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)and the National Woman's Party (NWP) were seeking women's ____________ during the Progressive Era.

suffrage

Which Progressive Era group was dedicated to ending racial discrimination?

National Urban League

A desire for _______ led to an explosion of all types of interest groups during the Progressive Era including single-issue, trade, labor, and public interest groups.

reform

In reponse to the pressure applied by Progressive Era groups, the national government began to regulate ____________, who began their own groups to counteract these measures.

business

What did the American Federation of Labor (AFL) do for the first time in American history?

Brought skilled workers from several trades together into one stronger national organization

why was passage of the Clayton Act in 1914 important?

This allowed unions to organize free from prosecution and guaranteed the right to strike

Labor became a stronger force in U.S. politics when the AFL merged with what group in 1955?

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

Why is organized labor in decline at the national level today?

The nation has changed from a land of manufacturing workers to a nation of white collar workers

The National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) was founded in 1895 by manufacturers who believed they were being affected adversely by the growth of organized _______________

labor

the Chamber of ____________ is another major business group that formed in 1912 with government assistance.

commerce

what is a trade association?

Group that represents a specific industry

Most large corporations have their own governmental affairs departments and employ _________________ to keep them informed of legislation or to lobby bureaucrats that acts as a watchdog over the federal government

lobbyists

the civil rights and anti-war struggles of the 1960s led to the formation of groups like __________ __________, which is a good-government group that acts as a watchdog over the federal government

Common Clause

___________ ___________ also formed following the civil rights and anti-war struggles of the 1960's and advocates for consumer safety and awareness.

Public citizen

_______________ became concerned by the activities of liberal public interest groups in the early 1980s and responded by forming religious groups like the Christian Coalition.

Conservatives

How does the Roman Catholic Church act like an interest group?

They are active politically in a wide array of issues including its opposition to contraceptives, abortion, the death penalty, and same-sex marriages

what is a public interest group?

An organization that works for the best interest of the overall community rather than the narrower interest of one segment

what are the 2 largest categories of economic interest groups?

Business groups and labor organization

State and local governments are becoming strong organized interests as they lobby the federal government for money in the form of __________ grants or _________ projects.

block; pork

what are PACs?

Officially registered fundraising organization that represent interest groups in the political process

How/why did power expand for corporations and unions in Citizens v. FEC (2010) Supreme Court ruling?

Court found that as long as organizations do not collaborate directly with a candidate they can spend as much money as that want in support of them

PACs play a major financial role in the campaigns of many congressional ____________ and generally contribute to those who have helped them before or serve on ____________ that routinely consider legislation of concern to that group.

incumbents; committees

Interest groups are good in that they raise public awareness, help frame the public _____________, and monitor programs to guarantee effective implementation.

agenda

Interest groups can be bad in that some only exist to advance their own interests with little regard for the ____________ of other groups or people not represented by any organized group.

rights

define lobbying

The activities of a group or organization that seeks to persuade political leaders to support the groups position

what are some common lobbying activities that target members of Congress?

Congressional testimony on behalf of a group, individual letters/emails from interested constituents, campaign contributions, and outright payment of money for votes (illegal but there's evidence it happens)

Congressmen face a heavy workload and legislation they know little about, so they look to lobbyists for ___________________

information

Interest groups try to work closely with a president's administration to influence policy decisions at their _______________ and later implementation stages, as well to obtain _________________ from various departments

formulation; appropriations

In terms of litigation, what are the 2 major ways lobbyists try to influence the courts?

- Sponsorship involves providing resources to guide a case, and the group may even become a named party

- An organization will file an amicus brief to inform the justices of the groups policy preferences

In addition to litigating, interest groups try to influence _____________ to the federal courts.

nominations

what does grassroots lobbying refer to?

Interest groups encourage members to engage in lobbying themselves

When conventional lobbying activities are unsuccessful, some groups resort to more forceful measures at attract attention to their cause such as __________

protest

What are the 3 major ways interest groups have become more directly involved in the electoral process?

- Recruit and endorse candidates

- Help in GOTV campaigns

- Rating office holders

Interest groups play an important role in helping to identify potential candidates for political office because they know members will be ____________ for their causes as elected officials.

advocates

As part of GOTV efforts, interest groups will identify propective voters and ______________ them to the polls.

transport

What are the 2 main groups that rate election candidates and officeholders?

The American Conservative Union and the Americans for Democratic Action

Interest groups try to simplify an issue with a _________ or memorable campaign ad.

slogan

Why do interest group leaders act like entrepreneurs?

They must offer something attractive to entice membership

What is the free rider problem that many groups struggle with?

Potential members won't join because they will receive the benefits the group achieves regardless of their participation

Where doe most interest group funding come from?

Patrons, special events, membership dues, direct mail solicitations

What did the Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946 do?

This required anyone hired to lobby any member of Congress to register and file quarterly financial reports

What is the definition of lobbyist according to the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995?

Someone who devotes at least 20% of a clients or employers time to lobbying activities

What are the 3 major reporting requirements of the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995?

- Register with the clerk of the House and the secretary of the Senate

- Report their clients and issues and the agency of house they lobbied

- Estimate the amount they ate paid by each client

What are the key provisions of the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007?

- A ban on gifts worth over $50 to members of Congress and their staffs

- Tougher disclosure requirements

- Longer time limits on moving from the federal government to the private lobbying sector

In what ways are executive branch employees constrained by the 1978 Ethics in Government Act?

Bared from representing any clients as a lobbyist before their old agency for 2 years after leaving government service

The ____________ branch has the fewest regulations on interest group participation.

judicial

Group that works to enhance the quality of life for all people over 50 years of age

AARP; American Association of Retired Persons

Group that works to ensure minority group citizens achieve political and educational equality by elimination racial prejudice

NAACP; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Group that works to improve wages and working condtions for migrant farm workers

UFW; United Farm Workers

Group that works to increase public understanding of and respect for the rule of law and the role of the legal profession throughout the country and the world

ABA; American Bar Association

Group that works to protect and defend the right to life of every innocent human being from abortion

NRLC; National Right to Life Committee

Group that works to promote medicine and the betterment of public health

AMA; American Medical Association

Group that fights for protection of the 2nd Amendment against gun control

NRA; National Rifle Association

Group that works to defned the liberties that the Constitution and laws of the U.S. guarantee for every citizen

ACLU; American Civil Liberties Union

Group that works to improve justice systems in the states, tribal nations, and units of local government in order to create a safer America

NCJA: National Criminal Justice Association

Group that works to improve the economic condition, educational attainment, political influence, houseing, health, and civil rights of America's Hispanic population

LULAC; League of United Latin American Citizens

Group that fights for the interest of business and free enterprise before the U.S. government and around the world

U.S. Chamber of Commerce

Group that focuses on empowering veterans to lead high-quality lives with respect and dignity

DAV; Disabled American Veterans

Group that works to advance the Catholic health ministry of the U.S. in caring for people and communities

CHA: Catholic Health Association

Group that works to advocate for education professionals to prepare every student to succeed in a diverse and independent world

NEA; National Education Association

Group that works to be the voice for all manufacturing in the United States

NAM; National Association of Manufacturers